1. Other substantive EU env law: air –Product related standards promotion of fuel efficiency for vehicles (publicise/inform miles/gallon or liters/100 km), directive 1999/94 MS to monitor CO2 emissions in new cars Decision 1753/2000 aim for limits for cars (186 g/km in 1995); through voluntary agreements (140 g/km in 2010) through voluntary agreements, inform public/label, fiscal measures (another 20 g/km reduction): aim 120 g/km CO2 Proposed car taxes based on emissions Fuel quality –Previously only emission limits for large combustion plants, quality standards for particular pollutants (SO2, NOx, particulates, ozone etc)

2. EU air –V little enforcement by Commission since measurement methods, frequency left to MS –V few cases at ECJ –No direct effect provisions in directives –MS variation great; overall improvement in air quality due to push by international conventions

3. EU Air improvements driven more by international obligations Long range pollution convention Convention on Ozone layer protection Convention on POPs Climate change convention Now more integrated: –National emissions ceilings for certain pollutants –1996 framework ambient air quality levels directive –integrated pollution control –proposal COM (2005) 447

4. EU noise –Total harmonisation of noise emissions for certain products –Noise certification for products –Airplane noise restrictions P 275-282 Kr –Directive 2002/49 on assessment and management of noise: Draw up plans Inform citizens (freeway noise reg through better surfacing/tire specs, fewer traffic lights etc)

5. EU dangerous chemicals –Harmonisation of marketing, use, classification, packaging, labelling, pesticides, fertilisers –Biodegradability of detergents –Rules for export and import international –Strategy for endocrine disrupters, PCBs, dioxins, mercury, pesticides, fertiliser use –Restrictions in use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) - international

6. EU dangerous chemicals Typical cases: MS ability to have more protective measures P 225-232 Kr Placing GMO’s on the market P 233-242 Kr Products authorised in other MSs must be freely marketable in other MSs + more protective neasures P 243-251 Kr

7. nature and biodiversity –Driven by international obligations Convention on biodiversity Dolphin conservation Berne Convention on wildlife and natural habitats Migratory species Convention CITES –Problematic to regulate at this level when not transboundary –Habitat protection and economic development P 314-320 Kr

8. Climate change –Driven by international obligations Stabilise GHG emissions at 1990 levels by 2008-2012 Kyoto Protocol GHG emissions trading directive (CO2) directive 2003/87 Air regulations: fuel economy of vehicles, national emission caps

9. Soil protection –organic farming, erosion prevention by terracing, safer pesticide use, use of certified compost, forestry, afforestation –Soil protected by IPPC directive

10. EU Sustainable development strategy COM (2001) 264 –‘to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ –Requires integration of economic, social and environmental objectives –GHG emissions/climate change –threats to public health: antibiotic-resistant strains of some diseases, longer-term effects of hazardous chemicals –Poverty –ageing population, health care costs –loss of bio-diversity: fish stocks near collapse; waste volumes; soil loss and declining fertility –Transport/traffic