1. Disease of Parathyroid
Dr Faiza .A . Qari

5. Function of PTH Release of calcium from bones.
Absorbed CA from the intestine.
It stops the kidneys from excreting calcium in the urine.
Excrete phosphate in the urine

6. Causes of Primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma. ( 85 %) .
Parathyroid hyperplasia: caused by hyperplasia.( 15% ) .
Parathyroid carcinoma: rarely( 1%).

7. Causes of Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is usually seen in patients with renal failure.
Rickets/osteomalacia.
Intestinal malabsorption

8. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic kidney failure or in people who have had a kidney transplant.

9. Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
NO symptoms, or only have mild symptoms.
Symptoms of hypercalcaemia
Tiredness. Weak and easily tired muscles.
Bone pains.
Nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and feeling off your food.
Constipation.
Abdominal pain.
Feeling very thirsty and passing urine frequently.
Depression/low mood.
confusion, loss of consciousness, heart rhythm disturbances and, rarely, death.
high blood pressure

11. Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
"Bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans."
Skeletal manifestations-- ---pseudogout, and chondrocalcinosis , osteitis fibrosa cystica, causing subperiosteal resorption, and the skull causing the radiologic appearance known as salt and pepper skull.
Renal manifestations ---polyuria, kidney stones, hypercalciuria, and rarely nephrocalcinosis.

13. S/S of hyperparathyroidism
GIT --- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulcer disease, and acute pancreatitis.  
CNS and psychologic ---- proximal myopathy, weakness and easy fatigability, depression, inability to concentrate, and memory problems
CVS--- hypertension, bradycardia, QT interval prolongation, and left ventricular hypertrophy.
Signs ---- Non speciefic

15. Complications of hyperparathyroidism
Kidney stones. CRF
Corneal calcification.
osteopenia.
Pancreatitis.
Peptic (stomach) ulceration

16. Lab Studies
Elevated (PTH) levels in the setting of hypercalcemia (10-65 pg/mL).
Po4 is normal --, ALP is normal , corrected CA is high .
Urinary calcium excretion elevated.

17. Imaging Studies
Ultrasonography and 99mTc sestamibi scanning have the advantages of being widely available and relatively inexpensive compared but is operator-dependent.
Radiology ---- subperiosteal resorption at the radial sides of the phalanges, distal phalangeal tufts, and distal clavicles.
Skull Xray ---- pepar salt apperance .
(DXA) at the hip and spine ---- ostoprosis .

25. Emergency treatment of hypercalacemia
Goal of treatment is to reduce the calcium level to below 11.5 mg/d
IV 0.9 % saline 6-10 /l
In patients with profound hypercalcemia presenting with severe alterations of mental status, loop diuretics facilitate the urinary excretion of calcium and can prevent the volume overload

26. Treatment indications for surgery,
Parathroidoctomy is the only definitive treatment.---- induces normocalcemia in 95-98% of patients.
indications for surgery,
Patients with overt clinical manifestations of disease
Age younger than 50 years
Serum calcium concentration more than 1 mg/dL above upper limit of reference range
Urinary calcium excretion greater than 400 mg/d
Low or declining bone mineral density
Reduction in creatinine clearance of 30% or more
Reduction of bone mineral density greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the reference range for bone density in terms of age, gender, and race (T score <2.5)

28. Follow up
A decline in serum calcium level occurs within 24 hours of successful surgery. Additionally, serum PTH levels fall within minutes of a successful parathyroidectomy.
Blood calcium levels fall to low reference range values for 3-5 days until the remaining parathyroid tissue resumes hormone secretion.
Severe postoperative hypocalcemia is likely only if osteitis fibrosa cystica is present or if injury to all the normal parathyroid glands occurs during surgery.

29. Hypoparathyroidism
Biochemical hallmarks of PTH insufficiency are hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

30. S/S of Hypocalcemia Asymptomatic.
Neurologic: paresthesias, muscle cramping, tetany, or seizures.
Cardiac: prolongation of the QTc interval. arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia.
Respiratory: Laryngospasm, stridor and significant airway obstruction.

31. Signs of hypocalcemia .
Trousseau sign.
Chvostek sign

35. Causes of Hypoparathyroidism
Acquired hypoparathyroidism ----after neck irradiation or surgery.
Inherited

36. Lab Studies Intact PTH is low .
Total and ionized calcium are low. , serum po4 is high
Intact PTH is low .
(BUN) and creatinine
Urine calcium and creatinine ratio: Urine calcium is elevated in PTH-resistant and PTH-deficient states and particularly elevated in calcium-sensing receptor mutations.

37. Treatment
Hypocalcemia that produces symptoms, such as seizure, tetany, and laryngospasm, requires intravenous calcium and continuous monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias.
Oral calcium and vitamin D are initiated as soon as possible (eg, when the patient is tolerating oral feeds).
The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, is preferred in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism

39. Calcification of the basal ganglia
Calcification of the basal ganglia. B: Calcification of the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. C: Periventricular calcification.

40. THANK YOU