1. Solid State

2. Solids
Solids can be classified as crystalline solids (highly regular arrangement of atoms or ions or molecules) represented by a lattice.
Unit cell = smallest repeating unit of a lattice
Cubic, body centered, face centered
or as amorphous solids (structural disorder) like glass

3. Cubic, Body-Centered Cubic, Face-Centered Cubic

4. Morton Salt (p 29)
A chemical (CaSiO3) called a desiccant is added to table salt (NaCl) to prevent water absorption and caking.
CaSiO3 + H2O 3CaO∙2SiO2 ∙3H2O ≡ hydrate
Here is another example: CoCl2 (cobalt chloride anhydrous, blue); CoCl2∙2H2O (cobalt chloride dihydrate, purple); Co(H2O)6)Cl2 (hexaaquacobalt(II) chloride, pink)

5. Desiccants (p 30)
Desiccants or drying agents act as a sink for water (hygroscopic) to protect the integrity of a product (salt, electronics, shoes, ).
Desiccant efficiency is measured by mass of water stored per mass of desiccant.
When added to food, they must be chemically stable, non toxic and able to absorb a lot of water per unit weight of desiccant

6. Hope Diamond (p 32, photo by Chip Clark)

7. Diamond
Diamond is a form of elemental carbon, produced under high P and T.
Exceptional hardness (e.g. diamond drill; hardest natural mineral), lustre (e.g. jewelry), clarity.
Diamond does not conduct electricity.

8. Diamond has 2 interpenetrating fcc lattices.
Isometric hexoctahedral crystal.

9. Diamond Color
Diamonds made of pure carbon are transparent, but if there are impurities, i.e. other atoms substitute for C or structural defects the diamond becomes colored.
Color
Atom
Yellow-Brown
Nitrogen
Blue-Grey
boron
Blue
hydrogen
Red, Pink, Orange
Structural defects

10. Another form of Carbon
Graphite (Greek for to write or draw) is another form of carbon and is used as pencil “lead”.
It is the most stable form of C at room T and P.
Graphite conducts electricity.

11. Graphite
Hexagonal arrangement of C atoms form layers that give graphite its lubricating property.