1. Chapter 15 The Elaboration Model

2. Chapter Outline  Introduction  The Origins of the Elaboration Model  The Elaboration Paradigm  Elaboration and Ex Post Facto Hypothesizing

3. Elaboration model  A logical model for understanding the relationship between two variables by controlling for the effects of a third.

4. The Origins of the Elaboration Model  Paul Lazarsfeld and Patricia Kendall used the logic of the elaboration model to present hypothetical tables regarding Samuel Stouffer’s work regarding education and acceptance in the army.

5. The Elaboration Paradigm 1. A relationship is observed to exist between two variables. 2. A third variable is held constant in the sense that the cases are subdivided according to the attributes of that third variable.

6. The Elaboration Paradigm 3. The original two-variable relationship is recomputed within each of the subgroups. 4. The comparison of the original relationship with the relationships found within each subgroup provides a fuller understanding of the original relationship itself.

7. Test/Control variable  A variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify further the relationship between two other variables.

8. 1 教育程度與被召入伍 我被召入伍是否 公平？ 高教育低教育 公平 88%70% 不公平 12%30% 100%(1761)100%(1876)

9. 2 教育程度與朋友已經被徵召 朋友是否已被徵 召？ 高教育低教育 否 19%79% 是 81%21% 100%(1761)100%(1876)

10. 3 朋友已被召與公平認定 我被徵召是否公平？ 朋友是否己被徵召？ 否 是 公平 63%94% 不公平 37%6% 100%(1761)100%(1876)

11. 4. 3 way table 我被召是 否公平？ 有朋友被徵召 高教育 低教育 沒有朋友徵召 高教育 低教育 公平 94 %95 %63% 不公平 6537 樣本數 14263923351484

12. Intervening Test Variable

13. Antecedent Test Variable

14. Question  Which of the following is a variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify the relationship between two other variables? A. a coding scheme B. a causal relationship C. a test variable D. none of these choices

15. Answer: C  A test variable is a variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify the relationship between two other variables.

16. Partial Relationship  In the elaboration model, this the relationship between two variables when examined in a subset of cases defined by a third variable.

17. Zero-order Relationship  In the elaboration model, this is the original relationship between two variables, with no test variables controlled for.

18. Replication  A technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, referring to the elaboration outcome in which the initially observed relationship between two variables persists when a control variable is held constant, thereby supporting the idea that the original relationship is genuine.

19. The Elaboration Paradigm 淨關連 -- 與簡單關連相較 測試 ( 控制 ) 變項 先行 介中 關係仍在 複製 ；加入控制項後， 先前關係仍被複製出來。 顯著地弱化或 甚至消失 解釋：測試項解 釋了自變與依變 詮釋：詮釋自依 關係存在的機制 半存 (split) 特定化：自依關係在某些次樣本 中存在；但不見於其他次樣本

20. Explanation  An elaboration model outcome in which the original relationship between two variables is revealed to have been spurious, because the relationship disappears when an intervening test variable is introduced.

21. The Facts of Life about Storks and Babies

22. Interpretation  A technical term used in connection with the elaboration model. It represents the research outcome in which a control variable is discovered to be the mediating factor through which an independent variable has its effect on a dependent variable.

23. Specification  A technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, representing the elaboration outcome in which an initially observed relationship between two variables is replicated among some subgroups created by the control variable but not among others.

24. 1 、社會階級與宗教參與 宗教參與程度 社會階級 0 1 2 3 4 最低 最高 平均參 與率.63.58.49.48.45

25. 2 、社會階級與是否有公職 社會階級 0 1 2 3 4 最低 最高 擁有公 職的 % 4647546083

26. 3 、社階、公職與宗教參與 有否公 職？ 平均宗教參與率 社會階級 0 1 2 3 4 最低 最 高 有.46.53.46 沒有.62.55.47.46.40

27. Question  _________________ is a technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, referring to the elaboration outcome in which the initially observed relationship between two variables persists when a control variable is held constant. A. explanation B. replication C. multiplication D. none of these choices

28. Answer: B  Replication is a technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, referring to the elaboration outcome in which the initially observed relationship between two variables persists when a control variable is held constant.

29. Question  ____________represents the elaboration outcome in which an initially observed relationship is replicated among some subgroups created by the control variable but not among others. A. multivariation B. interpretation C. specification D. explanation

30. Answer: C  Specification represents the elaboration outcome in which an initially observed relationship is replicated among some subgroups created by the control variable but not among others.

31. Suppressor Variable  In the elaboration model, a test variable that prevents a genuine relationship from appearing at the zero-order level.

32. 1 工會資歷與對猶態度 低於四年高於四年 不在意 猶太人是否為工 會職員 49.2%50.5% 樣本數 126256

33. 2 工會資歷與對猶態度 (+ 年紀 ) 不在意 猶太人是否為工 會職員 工會資歷 低於四年 高於四年 青年 56.4% (78) 62.7 % (51) 中年 37.1 % (35) 48.3 % (116) 老年 38.4 % (13) 56.1 % (89)

34. Distorter Variable  In the elaboration model, a test variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship.  淨係數也可能大於簡單係數，或甚至與簡 單關係的方向剛好相反

35. 1 階級對公民權的態度 公民意識 中產勞工 高 37%45 % 低 63 %55 % 樣本數 120

36. 2 階級與公民權意識 公民意識公民意識 社會階級 黑人白人 中階勞工中階勞工 高 70%50 %30 %20 % 低 30 %50 %70 %80 % 樣本數 20100 20

37. Ex post facto Hypothesis  A hypothesis created after confirming data have already been collected. It is a meaningless construct because there is no way for it to be disconfirmed.

38. Quick Quiz

39. 1. Researchers use the elaboration model to understand the relationship between _________ variables through the simultaneous introduction of additional variables. A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. all of these choices

40. Answer: C  Researchers use the elaboration model to understand the relationship between 2 variables through the simultaneous introduction of additional variables.

41. 2. _______________ variables are prior in time. A. antecedent B. intervening C. inductive D. deductive

42. Answer: A  Antecedent variables are prior in time.

43. 3. The logic of multivariate relationships is that the __________ variable affects the ___________ variable, which in turn affects the ____________ variable. A. independent; intervening; dependent B. intervening; independent; dependent C. dependent; intervening; independent D. all of these choices

44. Answer: A  The logic of multivariate relationships is that the independent variable affects the intervening variable, which in turn affects the dependent variable.

45. 4. In __________, the original relationship between two variables is revealed to have been spurious. A. explanation B. replication C. multiplication D. none of these choices

46. Answer: A 4. In explanation, the original relationship between two variables is revealed to have been spurious.

47. 5. A ____________ variable is a test variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship. A. suppressor B. distorter C. ex post facto D. none of these choices

48. Answer: B  A distorter variable is a test variable that reverses the direction of a zero- order relationship.

49. 6. ___________ is a form of fallacious reasoning. A. ex post facto hypothesizing B. distorted reasoning C. disconfirmation D. all of these choices

50. Answer: A  Ex post facto hypothesizing is a form of fallacious reasoning.