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Observing the Moon and Eclipses Astronomy 311 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 4
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Moon Basics Moon orbits the Earth once every ~30 days (1 month) 1/2 of the moon is always lit by the Sun
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Moon Phases New -- Quarter – Full – Crescent – Gibbous – Waxing – Waning –
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Phases of the Moon
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Sidereal and Synodic Sidereal period -- time for moon to return to initial position with respect to the stars (27.32 days) Synodic period -- time for moon to return to initial position with respect to the sun (29.53 days)
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Why is a Synodic Month Longer than a Sidereal Month?
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Where is the Moon? The moon makes one orbit in about 30 days Moon’s orbit moves it west to east Moon rises about 45 minutes later each night
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Eclipses Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse Happens during Full moon
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When do Eclipses Happen? Why aren’t there eclipses every new and full moon? Only have eclipses when Sun falls on line of nodes (line where the orbital plane of the Earth and Moon intersect)
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Line of Nodes
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Shadows Umbra -- Darkest part of the shadow Penumbra -- Less dark part of shadow, region is still getting some sunlight Penumbral eclipses can be hard to notice
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Geometry of a Lunar Eclipse
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Types of Lunar Eclipses Total Eclipse -- Moon is completely covered Partial -- Moon is partially covered Penumbral -- only the penumbra covers the Moon You can still faintly see the Moon even during a total lunar eclipse because of scattered light (circular sunset)
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Lunar Eclipse
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Types of Solar Eclipses Total Eclipse -- Sun is completely covered Partial -- Sun is partially covered
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Total Solar Eclipse
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Diamond Ring Effect
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Solar Eclipse in Action
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Annular Eclipse Moon is about 400 times smaller than the Sun, but is also about 400 times closer When the Moon is the furthest from the Earth it does not completely cover the Sun Annular Eclipse --
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Annular Eclipse
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Solar Eclipse from Space
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Partial Solar Eclipse Christmas 2000
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Next Eclipses Eclipses visible from central U.S. Lunar eclipses are visible from the entire night side of the Earth, but the shadow of the Moon only covers a small fraction of the Earth’s surface
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Summary Orbit one complete orbit in one sidereal month same side always faces the Earth Phases complete set in one synodic month where the Moon is in sky at a particular time depends on the phase
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Eclipses caused by Earth or Moon blocking out the Sun only occur when line of nodes points at Sun are darkest when in the umbra occur in cycles
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Next Time Read chapter 2.5-2.7 for next time
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