1. Life Table Applications

2. Population Sampling Problems –Where is the population? Does it have borders? –How much do you sample for population estimate? Some estimates indicate that as much as 50% of the population needs to be captured at some time.

3. Live Census Capture-Recapture (Peterson method)

4. Assumptions Assumptions of the Petersen Method –Population is closed, so N is constant (no immigration or emigration) –All animals have equal chance of getting caught in first sample –Marking individuals doesn’t affect catchability (not trap shy or trap happy) –Marks are not lost between sampling periods –Marks are reported on discovery in second sample

5. Schnabel Method Series of samples, marking each time –C t = R t + U t C t = Total # of individuals caught in sample t R t = # of individuals already marked when caught in sample t U t = # individuals marked for 1st time & released in sample t

6. Application of Method

7. Omnivores

8. Yellowstone Grizzlies

9. Life span Adults can live approximately 25 years.

10. Average age composition: Cubs 19% Yearlings13% 2 yr. olds11% 3-4 yr. olds13% Adults14%

11. Grizzly claws

12. Den Excavated - don’t use natural shelters About 5 X 4 X 8 feet Entrance normally faces north Entered in snowstorm - usually late November

13. Dump Congregations

15. Trapping

16. Data Information is taken for heart and other physiological data

17. Weight is taken Sex recorded

18. Aging Teeth impressions Molar extraction

19. Tag Application Ear tag Lanyards

20. Radio Collar

21. Bear taken to more remote area Often returned

22. Triangulation

24. Den Tracking to Den Data taken including temperature

25. Satellite Data Recording Data for den temperature and bear body temperature are recorded daily

26. Sensor Placement Temperature and light sensors –In den –On bear –Outside den

27. Life Tables Survivorship Data –Follow population over time –Census population Death Data

28. General Form

29. Cohort (Horizontal, Dynamic)

30. Time Specific (Vertical or Static)

31. Average of many years’ census (Combines static tables) Combination

32. Life Table & Reproduction

33. Values Over Time

34. Reproductive value The average contribution to the next generation that members of a given age group in a population give between their current age and death.

35. Reproductive value Reproductive value at an individual age OR

36. Reproductive value Phlox drummondiiFemale gray squirrels Sum of current output and future possibilities taking survival into account