1. Chapter 22 Additions and Condensations of Enolate Ions

2. Alpha Substitution

3. Condensation Reactions

4. Base-Catalyzed Keto-Enol Tautomerism

5. Acid-Catalyzed Keto-Enol Tautomerism

6. Racemization

7. Energy Diagram of Enolate Reaction with an Electrophile

8. Alpha Halogenation of Ketones

9. Mechanism of Haloform Formation

10. Bromoform Reaction

11. Iodoform Reaction with a Secondary Alcohol

12. Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed a-Halogenation

13. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction

14. Hell-Volhard-Zelinski Reaction: Step 1

15. Hell-Volhard-Zelinski Reaction: Step 2

16. Alkylation of Enolate Ions

17. Mechanism of Enolate Formation

18. Alkylation of an Enamine

19. Acylation of Enamines

20. Aldol Condensation

22. Mechanism of Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

23. Aldol Condensation of Acetone

24. Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids

25. Structures of Glucose and Fructose

26. Classicfication of Monosaccharides

27. D and L Series of Sugars

28. Degradation of an Aldose

29. The D Family of Aldoses

30. Erytho and Threo Diastereomers

31. Dissymetric Molecules

32. Epimers

33. Mechanism of Cyclic Hemiacetal Formation

34. Glucose Conformations

35. Fructose

36. Anomers of Glucose

37. Anomers of Fructose

38. Mutarotation

39. Base-Catalyzed Epimerization of Glucose

40. Base-Catalyzed Enediol Rearrangement

41. Oxiation of Aldoses Using Bromine Water

42. Nitric Acid Oxidation

43. Tollens Test

44. Nonreducing Sugars

45. Aglycones

46. Ether Formation

47. Ester Formation

48. Osazone Formation

49. Ruff Degradation

50. Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis

51. Periodic Acid Cleavage of Carbohydrates

52. Disaccharides

53. b-Glucosidic Linkage

54. a Glucosidic Linkage

55. Linkage of Two Anomeric Carbons: Sucrose

56. Cellulose

57. Amylose

58. Amylose Helix

59. Amylopectin

60. RNA Polymer

61. Cytidine, Uridine, Adenosine, and Guanosine

62. Common Ribonucleotides

63. Phosphate Linkages

64. Common Deoxyribonucleosides

65. Base Pairing in DNA and RNA

66. Strands of DNA

67. Double Helix

68. Replication