1. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 1 A discrete problem Difficultiy in the solution of a discrete problem

2. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 2 Example of a discrete problem Optimization of a composite structure where individual parts of it are described by 10 design variables. Each design variable represents a ply angle varying from 0 to 45 degrees with an increment of 5 degrees, i.e. 10 possible angles. One full FE analysis of each design takes 1 sec. on a computer. Question: how much time would it take to check all the combinations of the angles in order to guarantee the optimum solution? MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

3. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 3 Genetic Algorithm stochastic, directed and highly parallel search technique based on principles of population genetics Difference with traditional search techniques: –Coding of the design variables as opposed to the design variables themselves, allowing both discrete and continuous variables –Works with population of designs as opposed to single design, thus reducing the risk of getting stuck at local minima –Only requires the objective function value, not the derivatives. This aspect makes GAs domain-independent –GA is a probabilistic search method, not deterministic, making the search highly exploitative.

4. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 4 Genetic Algorithm Representation scheme: finite-length binary alphabet of ones and zeros The fitness function defines how well each solution solves the problem objective. Darwin's principle of survival of the fittest: evolution is performed by genetically breeding the population of individuals over a number of generations –crossover combines good information from the parents –mutation prevents premature convergence

5. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 5 Genetic Algorithm Evolutionary mechanism of the Genetic Algorithm

6. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 6 Genetic Algorithm A flowchart of a genetic algorithm

7. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 7 Representation of a design by a binary string. Example. Genetic Algorithm Portal frameChromosome of a design set using binary representation

8. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 8 Genetic Algorithm - Encoded variables for UBs Genetic Algorithm

9. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 9 Genetic Algorithm - Single point crossover Genetic Algorithm

10. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 10 Genetic Algorithm - Arrangement of design variables Genetic Algorithm Five-bay five-storey framework

11. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 11 Genetic Algorithm - Solution for five-bay five-storey framework Genetic Algorithm

12. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 12 Genetic Algorithm Genetic Algorithm - Five-bay five-storey framework (8 d.v.)

13. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 13 Genetic Algorithm Example. Three-bay by four-bay by four-storey structure

14. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 14 Numerical optimization techniques Genetic Algorithm - 3-bay by 4-bay by 4-storey structure Genetic Algorithm

15. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 15 Convergence history for 3-bay by 4-bay by 4-storey structure Genetic Algorithm

16. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 16 Optimization of front wing of J3 Jaguar Racing Formula 1 car APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM

17. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 17 Optimization of front wing of J3 Jaguar Racing Formula 1 car APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM

18. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 18 Genetic Algorithm APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM Front wing of J3 Jaguar Racing Formula 1 car

19. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 19 Genetic Algorithm APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM Schematic layup of the composite structure of the wing

20. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 20 APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM Optimization problem: minimize mass subject to displacement constraints (FIA and aerodynamics) Result of optimization: Design obtained by GA optimization: 4.95 Kg Baseline design weight: 5.2 Kg Improvement: 4.8%

21. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 21 Optimization of an aerofoil B-spline representation of the NACA 0012 aerofoil. The B-spline poles are numbered from 1 to 25. Design variables: x and y coordinates of 22 B-spline poles (N = 44). EXAMPLES: SHAPE OPTIMIZATION W.A. Wright, C.M.E. Holden, Sowerby Research Centre, British Aerospace (1998)

22. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 22 Problem definition (aerofoil, cont.) EXAMPLES: SHAPE OPTIMIZATION Problem formulation: Objective function (to be minimized): drag coefficient at Mach 0.73 and Mach 0.76: F 0 (x) = 2.0 C d total (M=0.73) + 1.0 C d total (M=0.76) Constraints: on lift and other operational requirements (sufficient space for holding fuel, etc.) Techniques used: –Powell’s Direct Search (PDS) –Genetic Algorithm (GA) –MARS Carren M.E. Holden Sowerby Research Centre, British Aerospace, UK

23. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 23 Results (aerofoil, cont.) EXAMPLES: SHAPE OPTIMIZATION Results of MARS. Initial (dashed) and obtained (solid) configurations

24. Design Optimization School of Engineering University of Bradford 24 Results (aerofoil, cont.) EXAMPLES: SHAPE OPTIMIZATION Results of GA. Initial (dashed) and obtained (solid) configurations