1. Biological Control Principles

2. Natural Control

3. Biological Control Definition “The use of living organisms to suppress the population of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be” (Eilenberg et al., 2001)

4. Biological Control

5. Predators Feed on all stages of prey Predators kill more than one individual Not highly specialized Chewing and sucking predators More than half are Coleoptera

14. Parasitoids Endo and Ecto parasitoids Parasitoid larvae are the ones feeding Solitary or gregarious Multiple parasitism Superparasitism Egg, larval, pupal and adult parasitoids

20. Parasitoids can alter host behavior

24. Bio-control is Diverse!

25. Pathogens Bacteria Fungi Viruses Nematodes Protozoa

26. Survive longer in the field but have low virulence Biological alternative to chemical insecticides Pathogens

27. Bacteria 1921: reported in Japan. 1940s: Commercial prep. Available in France 39% of biopesticides Lep, Dip and Colep strains Crystals containing poison Out of all, Bacillus thurigiensis is the most used

28. Viruses Out of 6 groups only 3 are safe: -Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) -Granulosis visus (GV) -Citoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (CPV) Family Specific Need to be ingested

29. Fungi Can penetrate cuticle

30. Nematodes Three important families: - Steinenermatidae - Heterorhabditidae - Mermithidae Useful for soil and bark insects

31. Bio-control is Diverse!

32. Biological Control is not always applicable Low Economic Injury Levels High Pest Density Eradication Programs

33. Biological control is an old practice

34. The three methods of Bio-control Classical Biological control Augmentation - Inoculation - Inundation Conservation Bio-control