1. LGK LOA May2004 Laura Gallardo Klenner, lgallard@dim.uchile.cl IMPACTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS ON THE STRATOCUMULUS DECK OFF CHILE

2. LGK LOA May2004 Outlook Some background –How come there is a UMR-CNRS in Santiago de Chile? –Ongoing research within atmospheric science at CMM Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions –Anthropogenic sulfur and Sc –Volcanoes and new particles in the upper troposphere –Perspectives and aims (BASIS)

3. LGK LOA May2004 “CMM-Uchile-CNRS-UMR 2071” Moisés Mellado

4. LGK LOA May2004 Atmospheric Science at CMM Themes Inverse modeling applications: assessing sources for linear tracers Megacities Stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes and ozone in the subtropics Sulfur aerosols and cloud processes Projects INRIA-CONICYT (2003- 2004) CLARIS (2004-2007) IAI (2004-2005) FONDECYT (2003-2006) ECOS Syd (2004-2006) Swedish Research Council (2003-2004) FORMAS (2005-2007)

5. LGK LOA May2004

6. STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE OZONE BALANCE IN THE SUBTROPICS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE: A MULTI-SCALE INTEGRATED STUDY BASED AT CERRO TOLOLO (30ºS, 70ºW, 2200 M.A.S.L) FONDECYT 1030809 (2003-2006)

7. LGK LOA May2004 Oxidized sulfur (SO x =SO 2 +sulfate) is perhaps the most "natural" species to focus on in Chile …

8. LGK LOA May2004 Potential effects on Sc clouds?

9. LGK LOA May2004 Step one: establishing tools

10. LGK LOA May2004 Regional-scale dispersion of oxidized sulfur over Central Chile using HIRLAM-MATCH L. Gallardo, G. Olivares y A. Aguayo National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) J. Langner, B. Aarhus, M. Engardt y L. Gidhagen Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) S-SO 2 S-SO 4 Emissions (95%) Emissions (5%) Dry deposition Dry an wet deposition OH

11. LGK LOA May2004 Coastal lows Type A Type BPF

12. LGK LOA May2004 Coastal lows and off shore transport episodes in Northern Chile Sulfur burden mgS/m2 To be continued…

13. LGK LOA May2004 There are more than 100 active volcanoes along the Andes!! WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT THEM ZVN ZVC ZVS ZVA Alvaro Amigo

14. LGK LOA May2004 Radiative Forcing -0.65 W/m 2 : 39.6% ( 75 TgS/yr man made) vs 32.9% ( 10 TgS/yr volcanic).

15. LGK LOA May2004 Láscar Volcano (5593 m.a.s.l.) Nov. 1989: Fumarolic emissions 19-20 Ap 1993: Subplinian eruption

16. LGK LOA May2004 2300  1120 [Mg/d] 400 [Kton]  30%

17. LGK LOA May2004 Fumarolic (2300) vs. anthropogenic (2100 ) emissions (MgSO 2 /d) S volc S volc + S ant

18. LGK LOA May2004 New particles may be formed! (Ekman connection) Nucl Aitken Acc H 2 SO 4

19. LGK LOA May2004 Subplinian emissions as pulses 19 Km 14 Km 11 Km 4 Km 26 Km

20. LGK LOA May2004 SO 2 burden as observed by TOMS And ashes

21. LGK LOA May2004 Deposition (mgS/m 2 /d) and ice cores (Illimani & Tapado)

22. LGK LOA May2004 Next steps MATCH model: –Convective mixing over the Andes (Tiedke scheme) –Biogenic emissions & Humboldt current (LMDZ approach) –Coupling with CPTEC (Brazil) and MM5 (Chilean Weather Office) –Systematic comparisons with satellite products DMS Emissions

23. LGK LOA May2004 Volcanoes Estimating aerosol formation in the UTLS (c/o Annica Ekman & MIT) Using ERA 40 ECMWF (61 levels, 0.5°) Including effects of deep convection on transport Using 3-D wet deposition scheme Simulations of ash deposition Next steps

24. LGK LOA May2004 Other steps and projects In situ measurements of activated aerosols in Sc by the Chilean coast (c/o Kevin Noone & Ana María Córdova) Implementation of a regional scale climatic model (Rossby Center), with S-Sc parameterizations MBL and Sc: cloud base and MM5 simulations (c/o José Rutllant & colleagues) STE processes and ozone soundings Implementation of MATCH adjoint for linear tracers plus other inverse techniques

25. LGK LOA May2004 Altogether The S cycle and its interactions with clouds (Sc!) is amazingly interesting in the west coast of South America… but barely known There are increasing capabilities in Chile regarding people, modeling and monitoring We are confident of having a fruitful collaboration with the LOA team