1. Chemical Computing Peter Dittrich Bio Systems Analysis Department. of Mathematics and Computer Science Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaJena Centre for Bioinformatics BMBF Grant No. 0312704A

2. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena2 Jena Downtown...

3. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena3 Here we are...

4. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena4 Bio Systems Analysis Group Jena Centre for Bioinformatics CS, Jena University

5. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena5 Chemical Computing 1.Computing helps Chemistry 2.Chemistry helps Computing

6. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena6 What is Chemistry? Deals with –Substances composed of molecules –Reactions that transform substances, such that the composition of molecules changes –Dynamics

7. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena7 Where does Chemical Computing Occur in Nature?

8. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena8 Principles of Chemical Computing Pattern recognition Formation of (spatial) structures Change of conformation Optical activity Chemical kinetics Energy minimization

9. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena9 Chemistry Helps Computing 1.Real chemical computing 2.Artificial chemical computing

10. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena10 Examples Where the Chemical Metaphor is Used in Computing Real Chemical Computing (Liberman 1972, 1979), (Conrad 1972) (Seelig & Rössler 1972) and others –Enzymes –DNA/RNA-Comp –Optical –Reaction-Diffusion –Programmed Self-Assembly

11. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena11 Examples Where the Chemical Metaphor is Used in Computing Artificial Chemical Computing Abstract Molecular Machine (Liang) Rewriting systems (e.g., GAMMA, CHAM, P-Systgems, ARMS, …) Hormone systems in distributed robot control systems (e.g. COG) COG Chemical-like systems to control the behavior and emotions in artificial agents (e.g. Creatures or PSI (D. Dörner)PSI (D. Dörner Control of morpho-genetic systems (control of artificial gene expression and morphogenesis) Control of growth of artificial neural networks (e.g., Astor/Adami) Astor/Adami Control of amorphous computers Communication among neurons in an ANN where neurons have spatial coordinates (e.g., neural gas by P. Husbands)

12. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena12 Example for Microscopic Chemical Computing DNA Computing (Adleman)

13. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena13 Example for Macroscopic Chemical Computing Chemical Neuron [see Hjelmfelt, Weinberger, Ross 1991]

14. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena14 Example for Macroscopic Chemical Computing: Simple Hyper-cyclic Associative Memory [Dittrich 1995] Hypercycle of replicating catalysts Query (Input) Answer (Output)

15. Some interesting aspects …

16. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena16 Fine Grained Parallelism Usually: Distributed Robust Asynchronous Emergent Self-organizing → soft computing, organic computing, computational intelligence

17. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena17 “Invisible Networks”

18. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena18 “Invisible Networks”

19. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena19 “Invisible Networks” A network larger than the neural network of the human brain: M = {2, 3, …, 10E30} A + B + X -> A + B + C with C = A/B if A mod B = 0, C = C otherwise.

20. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena20 Self-modification Self-modification (s. higher-order & generative programming) Strange loop Dualism of –structure and function –data and program –Tape and machine

21. Challenges

22. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena22 Challenges Efficiency Scalability Programmability Adaptability

23. The talks in the chemical computing session …

24. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena24 Wolfgang Banzhaf University of Newfoundland Evolving Artificial Chemistries by Genetic Programming

25. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena25 Andrew Adamatzky University of the West of England Programming Reaction- Diffusion Computers

26. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena26 Tetsuya Asai Graduate School of Informaton Science and Technology, Sapporo Reaction Diffusion Processors

27. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena27 Klaus-Peter Zauner University of Southampton From Prescriptive Programming of Solid- State Devices to Orchestrated Self- Organization of Informed Matter

28. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena28 Winfried Kurth University of Cottbus Relational Growth Grammars

29. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena29 Yann Radenac IRISA, Rennes High-order Chemical Programming Style

30. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena30 Questions for discussion How to program a chemical computer (whatever it is)? How do chemical computing paradigms scale up? Can the chemical metaphor lead to new computational systems with abilities superior to conventional approaches? Or even to systems that can not be realized by conventional approaches?

31. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena31 Thank You

32. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena32 COG (MIT, Brooks)

33. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena33 Growing Artificial NNs [J. S. Astor, Christophs Adami: A Developmental Model for the Evolution of Artificial Neural Networks., Artificial Life 6(3), 189-218, 2000 http://norgev.alife.org/] [Astor/Adami]

34. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena34 PSI (D. Dörner)

35. UPP2004, Mt. S. Michel, 15.09.04P. Dittrich - FSU & JCB Jena35 PSI (D. Dörner)