1. Aquatic Fauna-rama

2. Cent. Amer. Freshwater Fauna: Fishes “Primary” Freshwater Fishes (low salinity tolerance) Characins (Tetras) Catfishes (especially pimelodids & loricariids) Electric Knifefishes “Secondary” Freshwater Fishes (higher salinity tolerance) Cichlids Poeciliids (Livebearers) Cyprinodontids (pupfishes) Rivulids Marine Fishes (those with wide salinity tolerance)

3. Characins, Catfishes, & E. Knifefishes

4. Cichlids

6. Poeciliids & Cyprinodontids

7. Kryptolebias (Rivulus) marmoratus

8. Marine Fishes Entering Freshwaters

9. Cent. Amer. Freshwater Fauna: Decapods Crabs Shrimps

10. Central America Freshwater Fauna: Other Vertebrates Amphibians (VERY low salinity tolerance) Frogs – larvae VERY important in sm. streams Salamanders – esp. larvae Caecilians Reptiles (includes Birds) (higher salinity tolerance) Turtles Crocodiles and Caimans Various Birds – waders & divers Mammals (refer to Kleier presentation)

11. Central America Freshwater Fauna: Typhlonectes sp.

12. Cent. Amer. Marine Fauna: Fishes Shallow-Water Fishes - Reefs (coral & otherwise), sandy shores, rocky shores, eelgrass beds, & mangroves Various body shapes and a wide range of camouflage and advertisement colors. Open-Water Fishes Usually streamlined body shapes and silver, gray, or dusky blue color. Deep-Water Fishes - (won’t talk more about) Various body shapes and black, bright red, or silvery color… often with photophores.

13. Shallow Marine Fauna: Fishes Coral Reef (Food) Specialists Butterfly FishesParrot Fishes Surgeon Fishes Cleaner Gobies

14. Shallow Marine Fauna: Fishes Cleaner Gobies

15. Shallow Marine Fauna: Fishes Coral Reef (Space & Food) Specialists Damsel FishesBluehead Wrasse

16. Shallow Marine Fauna: Fishes Seagrass Specialists Seahorses Pipefish Lizard Fishes Sharptail Eel

17. Marine Fauna: Manatees & Green Sea Turtles

18. Open-Water Marine Fauna: Fishes Tuna Sailfish Mahi Jack

19. Open-Water Marine Fauna: Fishes Whale Shark Blue Shark Oceanic White Tip

20. Marine Fauna: Baleen Whales Humpback Whales Bryde’s Whale

21. Marine Fauna: Toothed Whales Sperm Whale Grampus Killer Whale

22. Marine Fauna: “Dolphins” Bottlenose Dolphin Common Dolphin Spinner Dolphin Spotted Dolphin Tucuxi

23. Tropical Western Atlantic Tropical Eastern Pacific COLD VERY DEEP Marine Faunal Interchange & Barrier Biogeography

24. North American Freshwater Fish Groups Perches & Darters Sunfishes & Black Basses N. Amer. Minnows & Carps N. Amer. Catfishes (very few entered C. America) South American Mammal Groups Xenarthra (anteaters, armadillos, & sloths) Didelphid Opossums Caviomorph Rodents New World Monkeys N. Hemisphere Mammal Groups Carnivores (foxes, cats, weasels, etc.) Cetiartiodactyla (peccaries, camels, & deer – camels later extinct in N. Amer.) Perissodactyls (tapirs – later extinct in N. Amer. ) Sigmodontine Rodents South American Freshwater Fish Groups New World Cichlids Characins (Tetras) Electric Knifefishes S. Amer. Catfishes Central American Freshwater Fish Group Poeciliids (Livebearers) Terrestrial & Freshwater Faunal Interchange Biogeography