1. CHILENO: A MARITIME PIDGIN AMONG CALIFORNIA INDIANS Jeff Stevenson and James Lowry

2. Sociolinguistic origins  Typical Spanish contact vernacular which could have used in multilingual mission contexts?

3. Sociolinguistic origins  A maritime source that spread pidgin only to coastal areas in California?

4. Maps

5. Sociolinguistic systems  Early missions influence?  Timing of contact: 19th century Pacific maritime traffic; second half of 19th century  Population sizes at time of contact?  Setting for formation : Unclear : maritime South American sailors and Miwok

6. Grammatical features  Basic word order: SVO  Reduced morphology in the areas of gender agreement and personal forms of verbs

7. Grammatical features: 3 rd Pers. /+Sing  Third person singular indicative was applied to all persons in all tenses and moods

8. Grammatical features con’t  Exceptions  Possible beginning of decreolization?  Learned as unanalyzed chunks?

9. Grammatical features: Past tense  Past tense can be marked by AUX (dar here)  However, imperfect forms are recorded

10. Grammatical features: Gender  +Masc is default for all adjectives  No marking on Adj for gender

11. Phonological features  Segmental inventories: glottal stops and long vowels.  Absence of Spanish trills

12. Phonological features con’t  Bodega Miwok loan of Spanish phonemes: /b, d, f, g, r, s/  Rephonologized Spanish lexical items: word initial [st].

13. Composition of the lexicon  Borrowings from Mexican Spanish (via contact with mission culture)  (Coast) Bodega Miwok indigenous matrix  Miwok morphology is applied to Spanish lexical items (Span trabajar > táwhal)

14. Lexicon con’t  Some lexical items from Mexican Spanish  Continued use between speakers of different native languages for at least two generations

15. Conclusion: maritime source  Survival of the pidgin well into the twentieth century, long after the collapse of the mission system following Mexican independence