1. The Everyday Memory Movement Reasons for the shift from lab-based work: A sense of aridness and limitation A sense of wanting to use our knowledge to practical ends A sense of practical work being able to inform the continuing theoretical development

2. Reaction to the Everyday Memory Movement Banaji and Crowder (1989) suggested that practical work was: * Over-rated (a-theoretical) * worthless (uncontrolled), and * yielded nothing of theoretical value

3. Response to Banaji and Crowder Isn’t it better to study novel and interesting topics with the best methods available to us than not study them at all? The fact that laboratory studies have a high degree of control is not always a benefit – they can generate a false impression. How can we study real-world memory phenomena ethically in a laboratory – i.e., the effects of emotions such as a shock or fear?

4. Response to Banaji and Crowder Theoretical laboratory-based research is limited unless you can demonstrate that its principles are generalisable beyond the experimental paradigm being studied.

5. Factors affecting Eyewitness Testimony EVENT-RELATED FACTORS - duration of exposure - context - salience of details WITNESS-RELATED FACTORS - age - suggestibility - emotionality - confidence

6. Duration * The longer the duration of exposure, the better your memory. * The longer the duration of exposure, the more credible your testimony. * Estimation of duration is remarkably inaccurate (Loftus, Schooler, Boone & Kline, 1987)

7. Event Context Semantic context - derived meaning ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE (TULVING, 1975; 1983) “Recall will be maximal when the context at recall matches the context at encoding.” Physical context – derived location Context Reinstatement – importance of recreating context

8. Detail Salience Memory is selective – both perception and memory are selective Central vs Peripheral details Central details include ‘any fact or element pertaining to the basic story that could not be changed or excluded without changing the basic story- line.’ (Heuer & Reisberg, 1990) Central detail recall – Central details are recalled well, at the expense of peripheral details (Loftus, Loftus & Messo, 1987). Fuzzy Trace Theory – Central details decay more slowly than peripheral details (Reyna & Kiernan, 1994).

9. Summary Naturalistic study has given us an appreciation of the fact that: * Recall is maximised if the event lasts longer * Recall is maximised if the situation at retrieval matches that at encoding * Recall is maximised for details which are central to the event We can USE this information to understand the factors affecting memory and to get the most out of a witness to real-world memory situations.