1. Resolution versus Search: Two Strategies for SAT Brad Dunbar Shamik Roy Chowdhury

2. Propositional Satisfiability Problems Propositional satisfiability Algorithms with good average performance has been focus of extensive research. Davis Putnam Algorithm for deciding propositional satisfiability  Directional Resolution. Worst Case Time /Space complexity of DR : – O( n.exp(w * ) ) where – n : number of variables – W * : induced width

3. Backtracking Vs Resolution

4. What makes DR a good algorithm: – Decides satisfiability and finds solution ( model ). – Given input theory and a variable ordering Knowledge Compilation Algorithm : Generation equivalent theory ( directional extension )  Each model can be found in linear time. All models can be found in the time linear in the number of models. – Performs better on structured algorithms. k-tree embeddings having induced width. – w * < n ( generally ) DR ( worst case bound) < DP ( worst case bound )

5. An Example Resolution : Resolution over A Node : Each propositional variable. Edge : Between variables of the same clause. Resolution over clauses ( a V Q ) and ( b V ~Q ) => a V b ( Resolvent ). Resolution over A ( adj. Fig. ) => (B V C V E ) … introduces edge C – E.

6. Directional Resolution – An ordering based algorithm

7. Execution of Directional Resolution (DR): Knowledge Compilation & model generation

8. Complexity of Directional Resolution(DR) Algorithm: Change of E(Q) with ordering BUCKET CLAUSES A(B v A ), ( C V ~A), ( D V A), ( E V ~A ) D( C V D ), ( D V E ) CB V C BB V E E Theory(B V A ), ( C V ~A), ( D V A), (E V ~A) Ordering{ E, B, C, D, A } E8 BUCKET CLAUSES EE V ~A DD V A CC V ~A BB V A A Theory(B V A ), ( C V ~A), ( D V A), (E V ~A) Ordering{ A, B, C, D, E} E4

9. Complexity : Induced Width

10. Dependence of complexity on Induced Width Theorem 4: Given Theory(Q) and an ordering of its variables (o). Directional Resolution(DR) time complexity along ‘o’ Size of at most where is the induced width of interaction graph.

11. Change of Induced Width with Variable Ordering BUCKET CLAUSES B( A V B V C ), ( ~A V B V E), ( ~B V C V D) A( ~A V C V D V E ), ( A V C V D ) C~C, ( C V D V E ) DD V E E Theory( ~C ), ( A V B V C ), ( ~A V B V E ), ( ~B V C V D) Ordering{ E, D, C, A, B }

12. Change of Induced Width with Variable Ordering BUCKET CLAUSES A( A V B V C ), (~A V B V E), B( ~B V C V D ) ( B V C V E ) C~C, ( C V D V E ) DD V E E Theory( ~C ), ( A V B V C ), ( ~A V B V E ), ( ~B V C V D) Ordering{ E, D, C, B, A }

13. Change of Induced Width with Variable Ordering BUCKET CLAUSES E (~A V B V E), D( ~B V C V D ) C~C, ( A V B V C ) BA V B A Theory( ~C ), ( A V B V C ), ( ~A V B V E ), ( ~B V C V D) Ordering{ A, B, C, D, E }

14. Ordering Heuristics : Which Ordering gives Minimum Induced Width ? Finding an ordering which yields smallest induced width is NP- HARD. Ordering Heuristics : – Polynomial Time Greedy Algorithm.  – Computation/Generatio n of min-width ordering. 

15. Diversity Upper bound on the number of resolution operation. Based on fact : Proposition resolved only when it appears both positively and negatively in different clauses. Div(o) – largest diversity of its variables relative to ‘o’. Div(of a theory) – minimum diversity among all orderings bounds number of clauses generated in each bucket. Eg: If ordering (o) has 0 diversity, then algorithm DR adds no clauses to the theory regardless of its induced width.

16. Diversity computation Bucket CLAUSES G(G V E V ~F),(GV~EVD) 2 0 0 F( ~A V F ) 1 0 0 E( A V ~E ), (~B V C V~E) 0 2 0 DB V C V D 1 0 0 C B A Theory{(G V E V ~F), (G V ~E V D), (~A V F), (A V ~E),(~B V C V ~E)} Diversity : div(o) = 0 Ordering( A, B, C, D, E, F, G )

17. Ordering Heuristics : Algorithm to generate ordering giving minimum Diversity Finding an ordering which yields minimum- induced diversity is NP- HARD. Ordering Heuristics : – Polynomial Time Greedy Algorithm.  – Computation/Generatio n of min-diversity ordering.  –

18. Directional Resolution and Tree Clustering

19. BUCKET CLAUSES E C V D V E D ~B V D C A V ~C B ~A V B A Theory{ ( ~A V B ), ( A V ~C), (~B V D), ( C V D V E) } Ordering( A, B, C, D, E )

20. Directional Resolution and Tree Clustering

24. Backtracking (DP) Algorithm

25. Comparison of Backtracking and Resolution

26. Random Problem Generators

27. DR vs DP, 3-cnf Chains

28. DR vs DP, > 5000 Dead-Ends

29. DP vs DR, Uniform Random 3-cnfs

30. DR and DP on 3-cnf Chains, Different Ordering

31. Numer of Deadends

32. DP vs Tableau (Uniform Random)

33. DP vs Tableau (Chains)

34. Bounded Directional Resolution - BDR(i)

35. Dynamic Conditioning + Directional Resolution - DCDR(b)

38. Conclusions DP Performs much better on random uniform k- cnfs DR Performs much better on k-cnf chains and (k,m) trees A hybrid model can perform better than DR and DP for certain cases

39. References Rish and Dechter (Irina Rish and Rina Dechter. "Resolution versus Search: Two Strategies for SAR." Journal of Automated Reasoning, 24, 215— 259, 2000.) "Resolution versus Search: Two Strategies for SAR." (Davis, M. and Putnam, H. (1960). "A computing procedure for quantification theory." Journal of the ACM, 7(3): 201--215.) (Davis, M., Logemann, G., and Loveland, D. (1962). "A machine program for theorem proving." Communications of the ACM, 5(7): 394- -397)