1. Smoothing Factors for RE applications in DG David Meyer EE5250 4/18/2006

2. RE for DG Limitations to conventional units – Sound – Space – Emissions Environmental Responsibility

3. Background RE generation variability – Defined – Geography – Weather Need for Smoothing Factors Example Systems

4. Variability of RE Sources Table 1. Variability of RE generation systems [5]

5. Defined - Wind Figure 1, 2, 3 Wind Data for Ojibway MI (Isle Royale)

6. Defined – Solar Figure 4. Hourly Average Solar Energy for Ojibway [1]

7. Geographic Factors Placement of RE Max output dependant weather factors Dispersion

8. Geographic Wind Figure 5. Wind Energy of the US [2]

9. Geographic Solar Figure 6. Solar Energy of the US [2]

10. Solar Example Latitude – hours of sun per day Weather Ojibway, Michigan El Paso, Texas Keys, Florida Figure 7, 8, 9 Average Monthly Solar Radiation (kW –hr/ m^2)

11. Weather Factors Figure 10. Regional Wind Speed Map [3] Figure 11. Regional Infrared Map [3]

12. Example Figure 12. Smoothing Effects of Geographical Dispersion [5]

13. Denmark Data Figure 13. Smoothing Effects of Geographical Dispersion (actual data) [5]

14. UK example Figure 14. Hours of Low Wind Speed for UK [6]

15. Load Effect with Solar Figure 15. Solar Power vs. System Load [1]

16. Combining RE Sources Figure 16. Wind and Sun data for Ojibway, MI [1]

17. Energy Storage Concept Utilization Specifications

18. Comparisons Figure 17. Comparisons of Electricity Storage Devices [5]

19. Water Pumping Use Location Figures 18 – 20. Water-pumping reservoirs installed in the UK [7]

20. Battery Storage Figure 21. Vehicle to Grid Power Schematic [8]

21. Hydrogen Storage Limitations – Cost – Space Implementation – V to G – Home Units

22. RE DG with Conventional Generation Nuclear Coal Nat. Gas – CHP Hydro

23. Example Systems Denmark – High wind penetration – Low geographic dispersion – System Interties UK – Planning for high wind penetration – Good Geographic dispersion – Pumped storage capabilities

24. Expanding RE penetration – The Larger Picture Increasing the penetration of DG Maximizing Site Placement Geographic Dispersion Major System Upgrades – Transfer of energy – Increased reliability

25. References [1] Graphs Created with data gathered from weather sites [2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory www.nrel.gov, Solar and Wind Mapswww.nrel.gov [3] The Weather Channel www.weather.com, Wind and Infrared Maps of USwww.weather.com [4] “The Most Frequently Asked Questions About Wind Energy” American Wind Energy Association [5] “Variability of Wind Power and Other Renewables – Management Options and Strategies” International Energy Agency [6] “Wind Power and the UK Wind Resource” – Environmental Change Institute [7] First Hydro www.fhc.co.uk, Image Gallerywww.fhc.co.uk [8] “Vehicle-to-Grid Power Fundamentals: Calculating Capacity and Net Revenue” Willett Kempton, Jana Tomic Journal of Power Sources 144 (2005) 268-279

26. Questions? Thank You