1. A. Functions of Skeletal Muscle Locomotion Locomotion Body posture Body posture Venous return Venous return Thermogenesis Thermogenesis Overview of Muscle Tissue Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit 19

2. A. Organization and Connective Tissue Macroscopic Structure Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2

3. A. Muscle Fibers 1. SR and T tubules 2. Myofibrils and myofillaments 3. Sarcomeres Macroscopic Structure Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

4. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4

5. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5

6. A. Thick Filaments Myosin Myosin Molecular Structure of Myofilaments Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.7

7. B. Thin Filaments Actin Actin Troponin Troponin Tropomyosin Tropomyosin Molecular Structure of Myofilaments Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.8

8. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.9

9. A. Sliding-Filament Theory 1. Force of contraction is generated by the process that slides the actin filament over the myosin filament 1. Force of contraction is generated by the process that slides the actin filament over the myosin filament 2. The length of the thick and thin filaments do not change 2. The length of the thick and thin filaments do not change 3. The length of the sarcomere decreases as actin is pulled over myosin 3. The length of the sarcomere decreases as actin is pulled over myosin Contraction of a Muscle Fiber Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

10. B.Excitation-Contraction Coupling 1. Phases of ECC Contraction of a Muscle Fiber Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

11. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.10

12. 2. The Cross-bridging cycle 2. The Cross-bridging cycle Contraction of a Muscle Fiber Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

13. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.11

14. C. Changes in the Sarcomere during Contraction Contraction of a Muscle Fiber Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.12

15. D. All-or-None Principle - Motor neuron is stimulated, all the muscle fibers in that motor unit contract to their fullest extent or they do not contract at all Contraction of a Muscle Fiber Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

16. A. Properties of Motor Units Muscle Fiber Types Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.13

17. B. Characteristics of Muscle Fibers Muscle Fiber Types Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

18. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 19.2

19. C. Force Development and Gradation of Response 1. Neural activation 1. Neural activation Rate-coding Rate-coding Number coding (recruitment) Number coding (recruitment) Exercise - The Result of Contraction Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

20. 2. Mechanical Factors a. Length-tension-angle relationships a. Length-tension-angle relationships b. Force-velocity and power- velocity relationships b. Force-velocity and power- velocity relationships c. Elasticity-force relationships c. Elasticity-force relationships d. Cross-sectional area/ architectural design d. Cross-sectional area/ architectural design Exercise - The Result of Contraction Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

21. a. Length-tension-angle relationships Exercise - The Result of Contraction Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.2

22. b. Force-velocity and power-velocity relationships Exercise - The Result of Contraction Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20 Neuromuscular-Skeletal System Unit

23. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.5

24. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.7

25. c. Elasticity-force Relationship Exercise - The Result of Contraction Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.8