1. Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory

2. Speeds of gas molecules. For a single molecule. Kinetic energy is: KE = ½ mv 2 m = mass; v = velocity For a collection of gas molecules, the average kinetic energy is: R = ideal gas constant = 8.314 J/K  mol T = temperature in Kelvin

3. How fast do gas molecules move? Called the root mean square speed of the gas. What is the rms speed of O 2 molecules at room temperature? in kg/mol Equation gives speed in meters/second.

4. Boltzmann Distributions

5. Boltzmann Distributions and Molar Mass

6. Boltzmann Distributions and Temperature

7. Gas Diffusion

8. Gas Effusion

9. Graham’s Law of Gas Effusion: used for determining molar mass of a gas

10. Example: A sample of ethane, C 2 H 6, effuses through a small hole at a rate of 3.6 x 10 -6 mol/hr. An unknown gas, under the same conditions, effuses at a rate of 1.3 x 10 -6 mol/hr. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.

11. Nuclear Fuel

12. Diffusion Method= 1.007/cycle; How many cycle to get from 0.7% to 4% 1.10 2.20 3.50 4.100 5.800

13. Centrifuge Method= 1.3/cycle; How many cycle to get from 0.7% to 4% 1.10 2.20 3.50 4.100

14. Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT P = pressure in atmospheres V = volume in liters N = moles of gas T = temperature in K R = gas constant = 0.08257 L  atm/K  mol Two Uses: 1. You know three of the four variables and solve for the fourth. 2. You know the change in one variable and determine the change in another.

15. The Ideal Gas Law: 1a: Determining one property, given the others A sample of N 2 gas has a volume of 250. mL, a pressure of 720 mm Hg, and is at 25 o C. What is the mass of the gas?

16. The Ideal Gas Law: 1b: Determining one property, given the others A sample of 2.60 g Ar gas has a pressure of 720 mm Hg, and is at 25 o C. What is the volume of the gas?

17. The Ideal Gas Law: 1c: Determining one property, given the others What is the density of O 2 gas at 20 o C, in grams per liter?

18. Lab: A gas has V = 285 mL, P = 710 mm Hg, T = 380 K, and a mass of 0.899 g. What is the molar mass? 1.75 g/mol 2.234 g/mol 3.105 g/mol 4.194 g/mol

19. The General Gas Law: Determining changes in a property when a different property changes. General idea: cancel properties that don’t change.

20. The General Gas Law: P and V A gas sample at 0.95 atm has a volume of 250 mL. What will the pressure be if the volume is compressed to 100 mL? n and T are constant. General Law:

21. The General Gas Law: n and V A 0.35 mol gas sample has a volume of 250 mL. What will the volume be if 0.20 mol more gas are added? P and T are constant. General Law:

22. The General Gas Law: T and V A gas sample has a volume of 250 mL at 100 o C. What will the volume be if it is cooled to 10 o C? P and n are constant. General Law:

23. The General Gas Law: T and V A car tire has a pressure of 32 psi in winter, when T = -10 o C. What will the pressure be in summer if T increases to 33 o C, but 5% of the air in the tire has leaked out? Assume V is constant.

24. Real vs. Ideal Gases

25. Which errors do a and b correct for? 1.a: volume taken up, b for IMFs 2.b for volume taken up, a for IMFs