1. Goals of Archaeology Culture History Reconstructing Past Lifeways Studying Cultural Processes Understanding the Archaeological Record

2. Culture History Sites and their contexts in space and time Chronology Description of artifacts- architecture-associations Sequences of changes

3. Reconstructing Past Lifeways Reconstruction of past adaptations to environments Subsistence practices Characterize past environments Descriptive-but links archaeological material remains to:  past food acquisition practices  environmental influences on behavior

4. Studying Cultural Processes Seeks to explain why cultural changes occurred Global comparisons Explanatory approach-not just descriptive Introduced rigorous use of scientific methods

5. Understanding the Archaeological Record Formation of the archaeological record How to read the natural and cultural processes responsible for preservation and patterning in archaeological sites Middle Range Research to link modern, observable events with archaeological patterns Uniformitarian principals

6. Develop Archaeological Theory Culture History Reconstructing Past Lifeways Studying Cultural Processes Understanding the Archaeological Record

7. Clovis point

8. Thomas Jefferson’s 1787 history of Virginia examined antiquity of Native people

9. Charles Wilson Peale’s 1801 mastodon excavation, Orange CO., NY

10. William Henry Holmes Ales Hrdlicka

11. Manis Site, WA, ~11,500 BP mammoth rib with embedded bone point

12. New world migration map based on modern language groups

13. Bering Strait during a glacial maximum The exposed continental shelf between Asia & North American is called Beringia.)

14. Bering Land Bridge

15. Bison antiquus

16. Mammuthus primigenius

18. Price and Feinman p. 133 Pleistocene Extinctions 42% of all mollusks 41% small mammals 50% large mammals

19. Smilodon spp.

20. Minimal Biological Data DNA few skeletal remains teeth

21. Primary Reliance on Evidence of Stone Tools

22. Faunal Remains

23. Plant Remains seeds pollen phytoliths

24. Data geographic distribution temporal patterns technological inferences food inferences climatic & environmental inferences

26. Modern Language Groups

27. New world migration map based on modern language groups

28. Asian Dentition shovel-shaped incisors

29. New World Dentition shovel-shaped incisors cusp arrangement on molars

30. Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA

31. 14,250 BP lack of Pleistocene fauna or flora contamination with coal?

32. Pedro Furada, Brazil 14,300-48,000 BP

33. hearths-cultural or natural burns? “dates” from rock art “associated” with dated sediments? crude stone artifacts

34. Taima-Taima, Venezuela 13,000 BP

35. Monte Verde, Chile 13,000-33,000 BP

36. bone wood plant fibers

37. few stone tools few organic tools ambiguous association with oldest deposits

38. Old Crow, Alaska 12,000-40,000 BP

39. Dyukati Cave, Siberia No clear technological similarity to New world Paleoindian tools

41. New Yorker Kennewick Man ~9000 BP allegedly has European features

42. Kennewick Man forensic reconstruction differs from modern population’s features in same area