1. Electrochemical Cells

2. Spontaneous Redox Reaction - Zn + Cu 2+ Zn (s) + Cu 2+ (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

3. Non-Spontaneous Redox Reaction - Water 2 H 2 O (l) 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)

4. Battery Construction - Zn + Cu 2+ Zn|Zn 2+ ||Cu 2+ |Cu

5. Volta’s Pile

6. Commercial Cells - Le Clanche (Dry) Cell Zn | Zn 2+, NH 4 Cl, MnO 2 | C Zn + 2 MnO 2 + 2 NH 4 + Mn 2 O 3 + 2 NH 3 + H 2 O + Zn 2+

7. Commercial Cells - Lead Storage Battery Pb(s) | PbSO 4 (s) | H 2 SO 4 (aq) | PbSO 4 (s) | PbO 2 (s) | Pb(s) Pb + PbO 2 + 2 H 2 SO 4 2 PbSO 4 + 2 H 2 O

8. Commercial Cells - Nickel-Cadmium Battery Zn | ZnO 2 | OH - | Hg | HgO Zn + HgOZnO + Hg

9. Battery Connections Series Connection Parallel Connection

10. Historical Origin of Sign Convention

11. Cell Conventions

12. Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) SHE || Cathode Pt(s) | H 2 (g,f=1) | H + (aq,a=1) || Cathode