1. Normalisation up to 1NF Bottom-up Approach to Data Modelling

2. Objectives Define the purpose of normalisation Determinacy / Dependency First Normal Form Second Normal Form Third Normal Form

3. 10 Normalisation Normalisation provides algorithms for reducing complex data structures into simple data structures Concerned with –tidying up the data so there is no data redundancy –ensuring that data is grouped logically Bottom up approach - start with data items Codd’s Law is a set of rules which ensure that the data is grouped correctly –A normal form is a convenient structure into which data can be organised

4. A relation is relational… If and only if every non-key attribute is determined by the KEY… the WHOLE KEY…. and nothing but the KEY so help me CODD! Dr. E.F. Codd, an IBM researcher, first developed the relational data model in 1970

5. Concept of Determinacy and Dependency if A determines B - then B is dependent on A B is dependent on A if given a value for A, there is only one possible value for B –e.g. –student name is dependent on student number and –student number determines student name

6. 12 First Normal Form (1NF) –an form is in 1NF if and only if it has an identifying key and there are no repeating groups of attributes To do 1.Find the key to the original form 2.remove calculated (derived) fields from the original form 3.move repeating attributes into a new form –These are generally column headings in a grid. 4.Add the key to the original form as a foreign key to the new form 5.Determine the key to the new form Result: 1NF forms

7. Second Normal Form (2NF) a form is in 2NF if and only if it is in 1NF and has no attributes which require only part of the key to uniquely identify them To do - remove part-key dependencies: 1.where a key has more than one attribute, check that each non-key attribute depends on the whole key and not part of the key 2.for each subset of the key which determines an attribute or group of attributes create a new form. Move the dependant attributes to the new form. 3.Add the part key to new form, making it the primary key. 4.Mark the part key as a foreign key in the original form. Result: 2NF forms

8. Third Normal Form (3NF) –an form is in 3NF if and only if it is in 2NF and no non-key attribute depends on any other non key attribute To do - remove non key dependencies: 1.decide on the direction of the dependency 2.if A depends on B create new form. Copy B to it as the primary key and move A as attribute(s) 3.leave B in original form, mark it as a foreign key. A and B can be groups of attributes Result: 3NF forms

9. Representing Normal Forms Graphically If primary key of form A is a subset of the primary key of form B, then the relationship of A to B is one to many If P contains foreign key F and F is the primary key of Q, then the relationship of P to Q is many to one Use form and relationship notation as before

10. Two Technique Approach to Data Modelling E-R diagramming to find and group all data items normalisation to ensure data items are grouped correctly

11. Joe’s Docket

12. Before we begin… We have already discussed –Entities –Attributes –Values –Data and Metadata We now take one of the documents and apply: –Unnormalised form rules (Data Dictionary format) –First Normal Form rules –Second Normal Form rules –Third Normal Form rules

13. Data Dictionary –central store of data that supports other models –unambiguous and concise way of recording data about data (metadata) –can be recorded manually or using a software tool –encourages consistency between models by using same names in different models –prevents duplication of data –resolves problems of aliases which are all recorded against the appropriate data item –built up as the models are developed –aids communication as everyone on development team knows the exact meaning of words and terms used

14. Sequence, selection, iteration Sequence : + –CustomerDetails = Name + Address + PhoneNo Repetition : { } –Name = Title + {Initial} + Surname Optionality : ( ) –CustomerDetails = Name + Address +(PhoneNo) Selection : […|…] – Name = (Title) + [ {ForeName} | {Initial} ] + Surname Values : “…” –Title = [ “Dr” | “Mr” | “Mrs” | “Ms” ] Comments : *….*

15. 4 Example Full data dictionary entries for CustomerDetails Address = {AddressLine} CustomerDetails = Name + Address + (PhoneNo) Name = (Title) + [ {ForeName} | {Initial} ] + Surname Title = [ “Dr” | “Mr” | “Mrs” | “Ms” ]

16. Our Docket again…

17. Making the Docket logical Many of the names on the docket are local to Joe’s business. We try to make them more standard, so –A Docket becomes a Customer Order or COrder. There are three signatures on the Docket. Signatures by their nature are manual. In a computerised system, these will be replaced by an authorisation procedure, which will show –which staff member – their number will do - took payment (StaffPaid) and –which staff member marked the items as received (StaffIssued). –The customer name is also kept on record.

18. Data Dictionary Definition of the Docket Unnormalised data –COrder = COrderNo + {Stock_Code + QuantityRequired +(StockDescription) + UnitPrice + 20%VAT + TotalPrice} + TotalAmtDue + StaffPaid +StaffIssued + StaffName + StaffRole + customer_name

19. 12 Remember (1NF) To do 1.Find the key to the original form 2.remove calculated (derived) fields from the original form 3.move repeating attributes into a new form 4.Add the key to the original form as a foreign key to the new form 5.Determine the key to the new form Result: Forms in First Normal Form

20. Normalising… Find the key to the original form: –The COrderNo uniquely defines the COrder Remove calculated (derived) fields: –TotalPrice, 20%VAT and TotalAmtDue are derived fields. Each can be calculated from other data on the form. –COrder = COrderNo + {Stock_Code + QuantityRequired +(StockDescription) + UnitPrice} + StaffPaid +StaffIssued + StaffName + StaffRole + Customer_Name

21. …Normalising… move repeating attributes into a new form –Original form COrder = COrderNo + StaffPaid + StaffIssued + StaffName + StaffRole + Customer_Name –New form COrderLine = Stock_Code + QuantityRequired +(StockDescription) + UnitPrice –Add the key to the original form as a foreign key to the new form –New form COrderLine = Stock_Code + QuantityRequired +(StockDescription) + UnitPrice + COrderNo* –Determine the key to the new form COrderLine = Stock_Code+COrderNo* + StockDescription + UnitPrice + QuantityRequired