1. Managing Grazing for Sustainable Pastures Developed by: Wendy Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Montana Holly George, University of California Extension Service NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

2. We’ll be covering  Benefits of implementing grazing management  Steps to effective grazing management  Estimating carrying capacity  Monitoring your land by making footprints  Grazing systems and pasture configurations  Grazing tips

3. Why manage grazing?  Keep plants healthy and productive  Increase forage production and saves money  Increase grazing capacity  Improve use of forage supply throughout the year  Help control weeds USDA NRCS

4. Why manage grazing?  Allows for maximum vigor of key species  Allows seed production by key species  Allows seedling establishment of key species  Meets other management goals (fire hazard, birding, housing beneficial insects, etc.) www.forages.orst.edu

5. Why manage grazing?  Reduces erosion  Improves water quality  Improves range or pasture condition T NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

6. Why manage grazing?  Allows for flexibility  Enhances wildlife habitat  Maximizes efficiency of your time and resources elib.cs.berkeley.edu

7. What crop are you managing? Your pasture plants, of course! www.farmphoto.com

8. Key points to remember about pasture plants:  The leaves manufacture carbohydrates for the plant. You must reserve some leaf volume for this purpose.  To ensure regrowth, you must preserve the growing points on your plants.

9. Deitz, NRCS

11. Steps to effective grazing management:  Graze to the desired stubble height.  Don’t forget to preserve growing points.  Allow adequate rest periods for grass regrowth.  Don’t regraze a pasture until your key species has reached the desired height.  In an irrigated pasture, don’t let seed heads form.

12. How many animals can I graze? ACES

13. Matching animals to available forage  This is not determined by local zoning!  Amount of forage varies by season, climate, length of growing season, soil type, water availability, etc.  Animal needs vary by age, condition, amount of exercise, pregnancy, etc.

14. No matter how many animals… some things are the same You need to know:  CARRYING CAPACITY, or the number of animals a pasture can accommodate without overgrazing  STOCKING RATE, or the amount of forage stock are going to eat UNCE, Reno, Nev.

15. We can predict when grass will grow, but not necessarily how much Jan Feb Mar April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec

16. What do animals need and when? Late Lactation Birth Peak Lactation Breeding Lactation Wean Last 1/3 Before Birth

17. Do the nutritional needs of the animal match the forage availability?

18. Methods for estimating carrying capacity  Pasture sticks and other physical methods  Animal Unit Months  Animal Days per Acre UCCE

19. Determine carrying capacity  Remember that grazing animals only need to eat about 2.5 to 3% of their body weight  An 1,100 pound horse will eat 27.5 pounds of air-dry forage (hay) per day, or 825 pounds per month (27.5 x 30)

20. Determine carrying capacity  Horses trample or damage 25% of their forage in a pasture, so add another 25% when feeding from a pasture – this brings the total requirement closer to 1,000 pounds per month

21. Pasture sticks

22. AUM – Animal Unit Month  Animal Unit: the forage consumption of one 1,000-pound cow plus calf  Animal Unit Month: the amount of forage required for one animal unit for one month (AUM)  All other animals are compared to one 1,000-pound cow plus calf

23. AUM equivalents SpeciesAUMSpeciesAUM Cow1.00Sheep0.20 Bull1.30Goat0.20 Weaned calf0.50Llama0.30 Mature horse 1.25Deer0.17 Yearling horse 0.75Elk0.50

24. 1 AUM equals: 1 cow and calf OR:  2 weaned calves  5 sheep  5 goats  3 llamas  5 deer  2 elk  Etc. All require 1,000 pounds per month of air-dry feed

25. ADA: Animal Days per Acre  A formula for determining how many animals can graze a specific pasture for a given period of time www.farmphoto.com

26. Some ways to use ADA:  To assess pasture productivity  To determine if a pasture can supply enough forage for a future planned grazing period  To determine the area required to supply daily forage requirements for one animal  To set stocking rates  But…it does NOT tell you anything about the nutritional content of the forage!

27. Estimating carrying capacity in ADA 10 yards Pace off an area of pasture that one animal would need for grazing for one day as the sole source of forage

28. Calculate stock days per acre  Multiply the length by the width  Calculate square yards per acre needed per animal per day  Divide 4,840 square yards per acre by square yards needed per animal per day  This gives Stock Days per Acre (SDA)

29. Stock days per pasture  Multiply SDA by the number of acres in the pasture  The total represents the total number of stocking days in the pasture www.farmphoto.com

30. How many days can you allow livestock to graze?  Divide stock days by the number of horses (or other livestock)  This tells you how many days you can graze the pasture with that number of animals NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

31. Let’s try an example  You have 5 acres of pasture and four horses  Your experimental time period is one day  Area width and length are both 25 yards 25 yards

32. Step 1: Calculate stock days per acre  Calculate the area by multiplying length x width: 25 yards x 25 yards = 625 square yards  Divide 4,840 square yards per acre by 625 square yards per animal day 4,840 square yards/625 square yards = 7.7 stock days per acre (SDA)

33. Step 2: Calculate total stock days per pasture  Multiply the stock days per acre times the total number of acres in the pasture 7.7 SDA x 5 acres = 38 stock days

34. Step 3: Calculate the number of grazing days for the pasture  Divide the number of stock days by the number of horses 38 SD / 4 horses = 9.6 days You can graze the five-acre pasture with four horses for 9.6 days

35. Improving carrying capacity  Manage grazing  Create and use exercise areas and paddocks  Control weeds  Improve irrigation  Consider need for reseeding or renovation

36. How do you know if your estimated grazing length is correct? Walk your land and look! UNCE, Reno, Nev.

37. Overgrazing occurs two ways:  Leaving stock in a pasture too long OR  Bringing them back too soon NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

38. Stocking rate vs. stock density  The stocking rate of both paddocks is identical: 100 animal days per acre  However, the stock density is much greater in the pasture on the right, so the effect will be much different!

39. How do you know when to graze, and when to rest?

40. Length of rest period  Depends upon:  Period in the growing season  Availability of irrigation water  Amount of active leaf area remaining following the grazing period  Cool-season grasses recover more quickly in spring and autumn

41. Monitoring  Use observations and common sense  If there isn't enough feed in your pasture, you are either overstocked or not allowing enough rest, regardless of what the calculations said www.agry.purdue.edu

42. Monitoring grass height www.agry.purdue.edu UNCE, Reno, Nev.

43. M ake footprints to manage well  Get out on the ground and look at what is happening  Your footprints and observations of how pastures and stock look are critical to making the necessary adjustments UNCE, Reno, Nev.

44. Three important questions  Look BEHIND: What rest period do my pastures need?  Look AHEAD: Has the paddock had enough rest?  Look WHERE the STOCK ARE: Is the stocking rate correct?

45. Look BEHIND: Before making decisions about grazing periods, know how much rest is needed:  Make footprints in pastures that stock have already grazed to evaluate regrowth  If grass has grown a couple of inches in 1 to 2 weeks, plan relatively short rest periods (30 to 45 days)  If not much regrowth has occurred in 1 to 2 weeks, plan for longer rest (60 to 120 days)

46. Look AHEAD:  Make footprints in the pasture. Make sure it is ready!  If the production is low, don’t graze it yet  If you graze the pasture before it’s ready, stock will find less and less grass waiting for them each move www.farmphoto.com Has the pasture had enough rest?

47. Look WHERE THE STOCK ARE: Is the stocking rate correct?  Make footprints in the paddock currently being grazed to observe severity of use  If use is too severe (not enough stubble height), the pasture is overstocked  Either reduce stocking level OR lengthen the rest period www.farmphoto.com

48. What did your monitoring tell you? NRCS, Bozman, Mont.

49. J. Mohler, Mont.

50.  Good cover NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

51.  Overgrazing UNCE, Reno, Nev.

53.  Uneven use UNCE, Reno, Nev.

54.  More production UNCE, Reno, Nev.

55.  Bare ground UNCE, Reno, Nev.

56. WSU Extension

57. NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

58. Remember to make footprints BEHIND To assess growth rate and determine the rest you’ll need to provide AHEAD To see if it is ready for livestock (Did it get enough rest?) WHERE THE LIVESTOCK ARE To see if your stocking rate is appropriate

59. Options for improving your management www.agry.purdue.edu

60. Create more pastures  To maintain sufficient rest periods, subdivide existing pastures  If there are 8 pastures that need 50 days of rest per pasture, graze periods will be 7 days long.  If we divide each pasture in half to make 16 pastures, we can rest each pasture 60 days with 4-day graze periods. NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

61. Paddocks and exercise runs  Areas of bare soil or sand/soil mix with little grass or other vegetation  Paddock or sacrifice areas should a minimum of 400 square feet per adult horse  Exercise runs should be long and narrow for maximum usability  Minimum width on an exercise run is 24 feet  Avoid exercise runs on slopes to decrease erosion

62. WSU Extension

63. Exercise runs and paddocks  Locate exercise runs or paddocks on relatively stone-free, well-drained soils  Spread sand at least 2 inches deep to improve footing  Remove accumulated manure frequently  Divert runoff away from paddocks  Consider grassed filter strips around the edges of an exercise area

64. Grazing systems  Season-long grazing  Partial-season grazing  Rotational grazing  Rapid rotation  Cell grazing

65. Season-long grazing is not a good strategy UNCE, Reno, Nev. 

66. Partial-season grazing NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

67. Rotational grazing USDA NRCS

68. Rapid rotation or short- duration grazing NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

69. Cell or strip grazing NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

70. Which grazing system is right for me? CONSIDER:  Existing facilities  Water  Fencing NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

71. CONSIDERATIONS:  Quality of pasture forage  Species of grazing animal  Costs  Time – yours! Which grazing system is right for me?

72. NRCS, Bozeman, Mont. Radial pasture configuration - before

73. Radial pasture configuration – after NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

74. Another pasture configuration - before Explanation Bare Buildings Fences Lawn Property Streams Trees Water Weeds

75. Another pasture configuration - after Explanation Bare Buildings Fences Lawn Property Streams Trees Water Weeds

76. Grazing schedules  Be flexible  Plan ahead  Monitor: check your footprints and adjust to grass condition  Adjust original plan  Keep records

77. Keep records Record:  Grazing order of your pastures  Start grazing and stop grazing dates for each pasture  Number of animals on the pasture  General health and productivity of the pasture  Seasonal variations and weather

78. Tips for improving your grazing management  Control weeds and undesirable plants in pastures and adjacent areas  Prevent or reduce differential or selective grazing  Mow pastures, especially those dominated by bunchgrasses, if selective grazing has occurred

79. Tips for improving your grazing management  Do not allow 24/7 access to forage areas; two to three hours during morning and evening will suffice  Divide or subdivide grazing areas into smaller blocks, where feasible  Improve waste management so that forage is not lost or damaged by wastes

80. Homework  Walk your pastures and determine if they’re overgrazed, underutilized, etc.  Take photos.  Estimate the carrying capacity.  Design a grazing management plan for your property.  Bring in weed samples to identify during the next class.

81. Appendix: Calculating AUMs

82. Balancing feed and forage using AUMs  Determine whether your animals’ feed and forage requirements balance with your land’s production  Feed is defined as hay you provide an animal  Forage is what your animals consume by grazing.

83. Annual hay production Is your land irrigated? Feed = hay (tons per acre) provided for an animal FIELD CONDITION PoorFair Good YES <2<22 to 33 to 6 NO<0.75.75 to 1.51.5 to 2

84. Annual pasture production Is your land irrigated? Forage (AUMs/acre) = what an animal consumes by grazing. FIELD CONDITION PoorFairGood YES <4 4 to 77 to 9 NO<11 to 22 to 3

85. Annual production of feed  Acres of hay  Tons of hay per acre  Total hay production _______ acres X _______ Tons/acre = __________ Tons

86. Annual production of forage  Acres of pasture  AUMs of forage per acre  Total forage production _______ acres X _______ AUMs/acre = __________ AUMs

87. Animal requirements - feed AnimalTons per animal per month Number of animals Number of months Total tons of hay or feed required Cow 0.40 X_________X________=_______ Horse 0.50 X_________X________=_______ Sheep 0.10 X_________X________=_______ Llama 0.15 X_________X________=_______ Goat 0.10 X_________X________=_______ Total feed required ______________

88. Animal requirements - forage AnimalAUMs per animal per month Number of animals Number of months Total AUMs required Cow* 1.00 X_________X________=_______ Horse 1.25 X_________X________=_______ Sheep 0.20 X_________X________=_______ Llama 0.30 X_________X________=_______ Goat 0.20 X_________X________=_______ Total forage required ____________

89. Try an example:  A landowner has 10 acres  5 acres are used for hay production (FEED)  Hay production acres are not irrigated  5 acres are used to graze two horses (FORAGE)  Grazed acres are not irrigated  Landowner considers all his land to be in good condition Do the feed and forage balance?

90. Step 1: Calculate land production  FEED: Assume that a pasture is in good condition and not irrigated, so 2 tons of hay per acre are produced. The landowner has 5 acres, so 5 acres x 2 tons = 10 tons of hay per year.  FORAGE: Assume the remaining 5 acres is in good condition but is not irrigated, so the pasture produces 2 AUMs. 5 acres x 2 AUMs = 10 AUMs per year.

91. Step 2: Calculate animal requirements  FEED - A horse will eat 0.5 ton per month. The landowner has 2 horses that are usually fed hay for 5 months, so 0.5 x 2 horses x 5 months = 5 tons needed to feed the horses.  FORAGE - 1.25 AUMs x 2 horses x 7 months of grazing = 17.5 AUMs needed for the other 7 months of the year.

92. Step 3: Add it all up Feed Production = 10 tons of hay Feed Requirements = 5 tons of hay Feed production exceeds use! Forage Production = 10 AUMs Forage Requirements = 17.5 AUMs Forage does not balance. There is a shortfall in forage production.