1. CO2 Pollution Emissions Reductions

2. Measuring the Cost of Reducing Pollution (Marginal Abatement Cost)
$/unit of Emissions
MCA 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Level of Emissions

3. Measuring the Cost of Pollution to Society (Marginal Societal Cost)
$/unit of Emissions
MSC 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Level of Emissions

4. The Efficient Level of Pollution
$/unit of Emissions
MSC
MCA 6 4
MCA > MSC
MCA < MSC 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Level of Emissions

5. Setting Pollution Standards
$/unit of Emissions
MSC
MCA
Standard 12 26
Level of Emissions

6. Fees set to achieve the same optimal level of pollution as under standards
$/unit of Emissions
MSC
MCA
Standard
Total
Abatement Cost 3 12
Fee
Total Fee 26
Level of Emissions
MCA> Fee: pay fee
MCA< Fee: abate 42

7. EXPLANATION OF HOW TRADABLE EMISSIONS PERMITS WORK
The government (or whatever public regulatory agency has the rights to regulate pollution emissions) decides on a certain level of emissions for a given pollutant in a given region or country.  This overall level for the region must be translated into a specific standard that has to be met by each of the polluters in that region.  Governments do that by assigning pollution permits (i.e. the right to emit a given amount of pollution) to individual companies or plants. Those pollution rights may be given away for free (as they are in the EU for CO2 emissions) or auctioned to the highest bidders (as they have been in the US for SO2 and NOX emissions).  The holders of the rights can then decide to either use them all and emit the total level of pollution corresponding to the rights they hold or emit less than the rights they hold and trade the unused rights to another polluter who is interested in buying them.  The trading usually takes place through a government or privately run exchange to which and from which holders of rights buy and sell (rather than having to identify and sell directly to each other).  This exchange is similar to a commodities exchange.  Governments who are seeking to reduce pollution emissions over time will set targets and allocate rights on an annual basis with a decreasing target over time, i.e. fewer rights are assigned in future years in accordance with pollution reduction emissions targets.  A workable pollution trading business requires a clear commitment from the government as to the amount of permits issued in the present as well as plans for the future.  Otherwise, the traders cannot adequately measure the value of the permits.      

8. Savings in Achieving Pollution Reduction with Emissions Trading
Cost of achieving an 85% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions for DuPont
Three Options:
1. 85% reduction at each plant
Total cost = $105.7 million
2. 85% reduction total with internal trading
 Total cost = $42.6 million
3. 85% reduction total with internal and external trading
 Total cost = $14.6 million 68

9. Success in Emissions Trading of SO2 and NO2 in the US
In the 1970s, the US had a serious problem with “acid rain” associated with emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
The US government placed a cap on emissions of each of the pollutants and assigned tradable emissions permits. The program was an enormous success: it permitted the industry to achieve the mandated level of reductions in the pollutants at 40% less than the estimated cost under a “command and control” standard.

10. Acid rain is no longer a problem
in the US!

11. Carbon Dioxide Emissions per Capita, 2006 Metric Tons Per Capita 吨/每人
Country or Region
Metric Tons Per Capita 吨/每人
 Qatar
56.2
 United Arab Emirates
32.8
 United States
19.0
 Canada
16.7
 Saudi Arabia
15.8
 Singapore
12.8
 Taiwan
11.9
 Russia
10.9
 Ireland
10.4
 Japan
10.1
 South Korea
9.9
 Germany
9.7
 United Kingdom
9.4
 France
6.2
 Hong Kong
5.7
 China
4.6
 World
4.4
 Thailand
4.3
 Nigeria
0.67
 Bangladesh
0.27

12. Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2006
Country
Annual CO2 emissions (in thousands of metric tons)
Percentage of global total
 World
28,431,741
100.0 %
 China
6,103,493
21.5 %
 United States
5,752,289
20.2 %
 European Union
3,914,359
13.8 %
 Russia
1,564,669
5.5 %
 India
1,510,351
5.3 %
 Japan
1,293,409
4.6 %
 Germany
805,090
2.8 %
 United Kingdom
568,520
2.0 %
 Canada
544,680
1.9 %
 South Korea
475,248
1.7 %
 Italy
474,148