1. Lecture 2a – Soil Texture Soil Texture = %Sand, Silt & Clay in a soil. Soil texture is the single most important physical property of the soil. Knowing the soil texture alone will provide information about: 1) water flow potential, 2) water holding capacity, 3) fertility potential, 4) suitability for many urban uses like bearing capacity

2. Texture The Percent of sand, silt, clay in a soil sample Critical for understanding soil behavior and management Soil texture is not subject to change in the field but can be changed in potting mixes.

3. Particle Diameter Size Soil particle diameters range over 6 orders of magnitude  2 m boulders  Coarse fragments > 2 mm  Sand < 2 mm to 0.05 mm  Silt < 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm  Clay < 0.002 mm

4. Coarse Fragment > 2 mm Gravels, cobbles, boulders Not considered part of fine earth fraction (soil texture refers only to the fine earth fraction or sand, silt & clay) Boulders left in valley of Big Horn Mts.(Wy) by a glacier.

5. Sand 0.05 mm Visible without microscope Rounded or angular in shape Sand grains usually quartz if sand looks white or many minerals if sand looks brown, Some sands in soil will be brown, yellow, or red because of Fe and/or Al oxide coatings.

6. Sand Feels gritty Considered non- cohesive – does not stick together in a mass unless it is very wet.

7. Sand Low specific surface area Sand has less nutrients for plants than smaller particles Voids between sand particles promote rapid permeability of water and entry of air Holds little water and prone to drought

8. Silt 0.002 mm Not visible without microscope Quartz often dominant mineral in silt since other minerals have weathered away.

9. Silt Does not feel gritty Floury feel –smooth like silly putty Wet silt does not exhibit stickiness or plasticity or malleability

10. Silt Smaller size allows rapid weathering of non quartz minerals Smaller particles – retains more water for plants and have slower permeability than sand. Easily washed away by flowing water – highly erosive. Holds more plant nutrients than sand.

11. Silt is responsible for silting over gravel beds in rivers that are needed by fish for spawning. www.pedrocreek.org/ fishcommittee.html

12. Loess Cliff in China Silt if often left as a vertical face since in this condition the landscape is less prone to water erosion than if the area was graded to a slope.

13. Source of Silt – ground up sand

14. Clay < 0.002 mm Flat plates or tiny flakes Small clay particles are colloids  If suspended in water will not settle Large surface area  spoonful = football field

15. Clay Wet clay is very sticky and is plastic or it can be molded readily into a shape or rod. Easily formed into long ribbons Shrink swell – none to considerable depending on the kind of clay.

16. Clay Pores spaces are very small and convoluted  Movement of water and air very slow Water holding capacity  Tremendous capacity to adsorb water- not all available for plants. Soil strength- shrink/swell affects buildings, roads and walls. Chemical adsorption is large

17. Dyad What do you think would be an ideal proportion of sand, silt and clay for a soil that would be good for plant growth? Sand: ______% Silt: _______% Clay: ______%

18. USDA Textural Classes Sandy soils (coarse)  Fine sand  Very fine sand Loamy soils (medium) Clayey soils (fine)

19. Textural Triangle

20. Sandy Soils Coarse texture  Sands  Loamy sands

21. Loamy Soils Moderately coarse texture  Sandy loam  Fine sandy loam

22. Loamy Soils- Coarse Medium texture  Very fine sandy loam  Loam  Silt loam  Silt

23. Loamy Soils - Fine Moderately fine texture  Sandy clay loam  Clay loam  Silty clay loam

24. Clayey Soils Fine texture  Silty clay  Clay  Sandy clay

27. Changing Soil Texture Soil texture can be changed only by mixing with another soil with a different textural class in small quantities

28. Changing Soil Texture Adding sand to a clay soil creates a cement like substance Find soil with native texture properties you want– don’t try to make the texture you want. Adding peat or compost to a mineral soil is not considered changing the texture – since it only adds organic matter not sand, silt or clay

29. Changes in soil texture Over long periods (1000s yrs) pedologic processes alter soil horizon textures. As soils get older sand and silt weather to clay….therefore old soils have more clay.

30. Clay translocation = B horizon formation Clay also translocates down in the soil profile so subsoils generally have more clay than topsoils. Thus ‘Argillic’ horizons form and are zones of clay accumulation Argillic = 

31. Textural Profile of a soil. The graph of the % clay from the surface to the parent material will show if a soil has a clay bulge or an increase in clay. “Textural Profiles” aid in looking for the clay bulge. Argillic = 

32. Soil Texture Soil texture can also be determined by feeling the soil. This procedure takes practice but eventually a person can become very proficient and will be able to estimate the % clay within 3% of the actual value.

33. Determining Soil Texture - Feel Method Wet soil in hand Make ribbon Length of ribbon indicates clay content Grit or lack of grit indicates sand or silt Smoothness indicates silt

34. Determining Soil Texture –Hydrometer Method The velocity of settling (V) is proportional to the square of particle diameters (d) Bigger particles settle more quickly Density of the water (due to suspended silt and clay) holds up hydrometer Stokes Law V = kd 2

35. Hydrometer method Carefully stir soil by gently lifting stirring rod. Hydrometer used to measure amount of silt and clay in suspension after 40 seconds Or reading No. 1 = silt and clay in suspension and if we subtract it from total soil this equals amount of sand. Or % sand = total soil –reading one÷total soil x100

36. Hydrometer method 2 hour measurement determines suspended clay or what is left after silt has settled out. %clay = reading two ÷total soil x 100 % silt determined by subtraction (reading #1) – (reading #2)=silt %Silt= 100 – [(% sand) + (% clay)] Slowly inserting hydrometer