5. Neandertal Culture Homesites – In caves, also in the open (near rivers, framed with wood and covered with skins) Burial – Is there evidence of purposeful burial and ritual? Language – Could Neandertals talk or not? Tools – Mousterian tradition Top: Reconstruction of Neandertal burial from Shanidar cave Bottom: Mousterian tools

6. Bone Point from Congo (82,000-174,000 years)

7. Engraved Red Ochre from Blombos Cave, South Africa (~77,000 years)

8. Paintings From Le Chauvet Cave

9. Archaic H. sapiens Culture Cave paintings –Mostly animals on bare walls –Subjects were animals favored for their meat and skins –Human figures were rarely drawn due to taboos and fears that it would somehow harm others Cave paintings from 20,000 years ago at Vallon- Pont-d’Arc in southern France (left) and from Lascaux, in southwest France

10. Archaic H. sapiens Culture Art –Traces of art found in beads, carvings, and paintings –Cave paintings in Spain and southern France showed a marked degree of skill Female figurines –27,000 to 22,000 years B.P. –Called “venuses,” these figurines depicted women with large breasts and broad hips Perhaps it was an example of an ideal type, or perhaps an expression of a desire for fertility