1. 22 July, 2009 Total Solar Eclipse: Effect on D-region Ionosphere Dynamics as Studied from AWESOME VLF Observations Rajesh Singh B. Veenadhari, A.K. Maurya Indian Institute of Geomagnetism P. Pant: ARIES, Manora Peak, Nainital – India A.K. Singh: Physics Department, B.H.U., Varanasi – India

2.  ~ 03.50 Hrs  ~ 200 – 260 Km  ~ 3 – 5 minuets  ~ 15,150 Km: 71% Earth Area

5. Principle Sources of Ion production in D-region Ionosphere during: Daily usual Sun There are several sources of ion production for ionospheric D region:  Lyman-alpha line of the solar spectrum at 121.5 nm wavelength penetrates below 95 km and ionize the minor species NO  The EUV radiation between 80.0 and 111.8 nm wavelength and X- rays of 02-0.8 nm wavelength ionize O 2 and N 2 and thus are the main sources of the free electrons in the ionospheric D region during: Eclipsed Sun  During Total Solar Eclipse, D-region ionosphere of the umbral & penumbral shadow portion of the earth experiences sudden changes.  So solar eclipses provide opportunities to study the physical and chemical processes which determine the behavior of D-region ionosphere

7. Carried out both measurements: Narrowband & Broadband (Continuous)

8. AWESOME sites in observation on 22 July 2009 TSE SID in Bhusan, Korea

11. Narrowband Observations

12. Clilverd et al., 2001: August 11, 1999 Total Solar eclipse effect Used both medium and long path VLF signals Observed positive amplitude change on path lengths < 2000 km Negative amplitude changes on paths > 10,000 km Negative phase changes were observed on most paths, independent of path lengths They further calculated electron concentration values at 77 km altitude throughout the period of solar eclipse, which showed a linear variation in electron production rate with solar ionizing radiation.

13. 40% Totality at 01:50:00 UT ~ 57 minutes Totality at 00:53:00 UT Distance to NWC~ 6700 km Distance to JJI ~ 4750 km Indian Stations

14. to JJI (22.2kHz) to NWC (19.8kHz) Totality at ~00:55:00 UT ~ 45 seconds Totality at ~00:56:00 UT 3 min 12 seconds Maximum at ~00:57:00 UT Two signals - NWC & JJI (1) Intersecting the totality path (2) Along the totality path

15. to NWC (19.8kHz) Effect on NWC:Intersecting the Path of Totality at: Allahabad  Allahabad: 25.40 0 N 81.93 0 E  Eclipse Magnitude = 1  Totality Duration = 45.6 sec  Start of Partial Eclipse - 00:00:17.00  Start of Total Eclipse - 00:55:08.9  Maximum Eclipse - 00:55:31.4  End of Total Eclipse - 00:55:54.3  End of Partial Eclipse - 01:56:46.1 (Time in UT)  Decrease in Amplitude of signal as the eclipse progresses  Maximum depression around the period of TOTALITY ( ~ 45 sec)  A significant decrease in amplitude of 1.5 dB is observed  Reaching minimum close to time of totality on the ~ 6700 km path between NWC VLF transmitter and Allahabad  Also shift in Morning terminator time is seen from ~ 00:30 UT to time in eclipse totality

16. to NWC (19.8kHz) Effect on NWC: Intersecting the Path of Totality at: Varanasi  Varanasi: 25.27 0 N 82.98 0 E  Eclipse Magnitude = 1.015  TotalityDuration= 3 min 11.5 sec  Start of Partial Eclipse: 00:00:03  Start of Total Eclipse: 00:54:08  Maximum Eclipse: 00:55:42.6  End of Total Eclipse: 00:57:17.1  End of Partial Eclipse: 01:56:46 (Time in UT)  Decrease in Amplitude, Minimum depression around the period of TOTALITY  A significant decrease in amplitude of 2.5 dB is observed  Extended period of depression is observed because totality period is ~ 3 min 12 sec  Reaching minimum close to time of totality on the ~ 6700 km path between NWC VLF transmitter and Varanasi  Here again shift in Morning terminator time from ~ 00:30 UT to time in eclipse totality

17. to NWC (19.8kHz) Effect on NWC: Intersecting the Path of Totality at: Nainital  Nainital: 29.35 0 N 79.45 0 E  Eclipse Magnitude = 0.845  NO Totality  Start of Partial Eclipse - 00:03:36  Maximum Eclipse - 00:57:18  End of Partial Eclipse - 01:56:19 (Time in UT)  First increase in amplitude is seen with the start of eclipse  Then a significant decrease in amplitude of is observed around the time of maximum eclipse

18. 100% 85%

19. Observations from SID: Bushan, S. Korea Bushan Y-Sil Kwak:KASI, Daejeon - South Korea S Park: KAIST, Bushan - South Korea

20. Observations from Tashkent 22 July 21 July  figure: courtesy Yusuf and Boboamurat

21. Observations from Azerbaijan  figure: courtesy Elchin Babayev  Modeling is REQUIRED!

22. Continuous Broadband Observations - Tweek Radio Atmospherics

23. By analyzing the dispersive part of tweeks we can estimate : A. Reflection height (h) of lower region (D-region) of ionosphere B. Night time Electron density (N) C. Propagation distance (d) in Earth-Ionosphere wave-guide

24. Broadband signals during Total Solar Eclipse: only ONE case The only example of ionospheric study during eclipse with VLF signal is by Rycroft and Reeve, 1970, Nature, 226, 1126; 1972, JATP, 34, 667  Estimated increase in ionospheric reflection height by 7 km during eclipse of March 7, 1970 from the measurements of tweeks

25. ~ 30 min before Totality ~ 30 min After Totality ~ around Totality Tweek Examples during TSE Observed ~ 40 Tweeks

26. TSE Period Ionospheric Reflection Height and Electron Density Variation during TSE

27.  During the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 measurements of NWC(19.8 kHz) and JJI(221.2 kHz) VLF transmitter signals where made in India at three sites  Typically negative amplitude changes are seen for the NWC signals whose path intersect the region of totality SUMMARY  Distance from transmitter to receiver ranged from 6700 km (NWC) & 4750 km (JJI). One path intersecting and other parallel to the movement of totality region  And positive amplitude changes are seen for the JJI signal, which have its propagation path parallel to

28.  The positive and negative changes in amplitude of the VLF signals throughout the whole solar eclipse period shows the changes in D-region ionosphere during eclipse  Further D region ionosphere modeling for earth-ionosphere waveguide propagation NEEDS TO BE DONE to quantitatively infer the information during eclipse period – changes in the ionosphere height, relation between ion production rate and solar ionization, etc..  Broad band observations of Tweek radio atmospherics shows the lower boundary of ionosphere and electron density moving to the levels of night

29. Thank you for kind attention ! Total Solar Eclipse- view from Allahabad

31. Importance VLF waves in study of D-region of the Ionosphere The altitude (~70-90 km) of this region are far too high for balloons and too low for satellites to reach, making continuous monitoring of the ionospheric D region difficult D-region is lowest part of ionosphere extended from ~ 50-90 km Electron density : ~ 2.5x10 el/cc by day and decreases to < 10 3 el/cc Electron density : ~ 2.5x10 3 el/cc by day and decreases to < 10 3 el/cc at night It is generally difficult to measure the ionospheric D region on continuous basis because ionosondes and incoherent scatter radars in the HF-VHF range do not receive echos from this region, where electron density is typically < 10 3 cm -3

32. Study of 11 August, 1999 Solar eclipse in Indian Longitude (Sridharan et al., 2002, Ann. Geophy.) Electrodynamics of the equatorial E- and F- region was studies with observations from ionosondes, VHF and HF radars at Trivandrum Reported sudden intensification of weak blanketing type E s -layer irregularities, which was pushed down by ~ 8 km during the eclipse.

33.  Because of the fact that VLF waves are almost completely reflected by the D region makes them as a useful tool for studies in this altitude range Ground based measurements of ELF/VLF waves makes it possible to monitor the state of the D region ionosphere more routinely Importance VLF waves in study of D-region of the Ionosphere  Carried out both Narrowband and Broadband (Continuous) measurements