1. January 26, 2009 Conventional Energy Sources, continued

2. U.S. Coal Flow Diagram If we want to reduce coal use, and the problems associated with it, what sector of the economy should we increase the efficiency of?

4. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/chapter1.html

5. Coal deposits are found in “seams” that can range in size from inches to hundreds of feet thick.

6. Extraction of coal –Open pit mining –Mountain top removal –Deep mining Transport of coal

7. Use of Coal Air and Water Pollution –Heavy metals –Sulfur –Residual waste Waste Heat Pollution Coal Ash Spill in E. TN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZhT4jx2XZ8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ats3dClc0No &NR=1

8. U.S. Natural Gas Flow Diagram

9. Where Natural Gas is Found and US Production

10. U.S. Electricity Flow Diagram, 2007

11. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/figes1.html

12. Reserves to Production Ratio Oil – 40 years Natural Gas – 67 years Coal – 180 years Energy Return on Investment declining !

13. Challenges with Conventional Energy Sources 1.Environmental impacts of extraction, transport and refining 2.Environmental impacts of combustion: Local and regional air pollution Global climate change 3.Non-renewable nature / long-term availability of supplies 4.Security of supplies (esp. crude oil)

14. Energy and Air Pollution: Local Scale www.kidsearthfund.org

15. Overview of Topics Pollutants Primary and secondary pollutants Scales of Air Pollution –Local: photochemical smog –Local: Gray-Air or Industrial Smog –Regional: acidic deposition –Clean Air Act –Global: Ozone Depletion and Global climate change

16. Pollutants chemicals in the atmosphere in quantities and duration that are harmful to human health and the environment

17. Types of air pollutants –Primary pollutants - –Secondary pollutants -

18. Pollutants 1.CO 2.SO 2 3.NOx (NO and NO 2 ) 4.Particulate Matter 5.Photochemical oxidants in smog (O 3, PANs, H 2 O 2 ) 6.Lead

19. Damages Organs Affects: – Brain and Nerves –Heart and Blood –Plants and Animals –Fish

20. Primary vs. Secondary Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Sources Natural Stationary COCO 2 SO 2 NONO 2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles SO 3 HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 H2O2H2O2 O3O3 PANs MostandsaltsNO 3 – Mobile SO 4 2 –

21. Classic Smog City: Los Angeles Sunny climate Light winds Mountains on three sides Ocean on the other side Thermal inversions (www.chitambo.com)www.chitambo.com

22. Temperature Inversions

23. Pollutants vs. Time of Day Nitric oxideNitrogen dioxideOzone 40 30 20 10 0 6789 111212345678 A.M.NoonP.M. Time Parts per million

24. Pollution from China?????? http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Jul/30/bz/FP 607300313.html

25. Top Ozone Cities

26. Best Cities

27. Effects of photochemical oxidants such as O 3 Damage lungs and stress the heart Cause loss of immune system function Kill plant cells: brown spots Reduce tree growth and make them more susceptible to other damages Corrode and destroy materials such as paint, rubber.