1. History of Project Management
Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D. Lee Baliton
Chris Smith
This is a lecture on history of project management in the course on Project Management. This lecture was organized by Professor Farrokh Alemi, Lee Baliton and Chris Smith. This presentation is being narrated by Chris Smith.

2. Ancient History Examples: Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation
The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.)
The Great Wall of China (221 B.C B.C.)
Exceptional planning
Coordination
Allocation
Hundreds of thousands of workers
Paid and Slave labor.
If we define project management to be the situation where a group of people and resources that have been assembled and organized to achieve specific one-time objectives, then project management has been around for quite some time. Examples of one time projects requiring complicated management systems includes ancient wonders such as the great Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China.

3. Ancient History
Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C B.C.)
Exceptional planning
Coordination
Allocation
Hundreds of thousands of workers
Paid and Slave labor.
These ancient projects have required exceptional planning,

4. Ancient History
Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C B.C.)
Exceptional planning
Coordination
Allocation
Hundreds of thousands of workers
Paid and Slave labor.
coordination of human labor,

5. Ancient History
Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C B.C.)
Exceptional planning
Coordination
Allocation
Hundreds of thousands of workers
Paid and Slave labor.
and allocation of resources

6. Ancient History
Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C B.C.)
Exceptional planning
Coordination
Allocation
Hundreds of thousands of workers
Paid and Slave labor.
Both buildings were built using labor from hundreds of thousands of workers, both paid and slave labor.

7. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
Management of the construction of the Great Pyramids and the Great Wall of China has the basic elements of project management

8. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
managing resources (people and money);

9. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
maintaining a schedule;

10. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
and coordinating different groups to properly synchronize the technical and functional aspects of each element of the project.

11. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
All of these elements are used in today’s modern project management practices.

12. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
But there is no evidence that these projects used optimal scheduling of activities

13. Similar basic elements of project management:
Ancient History
Similar basic elements of project management:
Managing resources
Maintaining a schedule
Coordinating different groups
All are used in today’s modern project management practice
No evidence that they used optimal scheduling
Project Management
was not really the same
But there is no evidence that these projects used optimal scheduling of activities

14. The Early Years: Late 19th Century
PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce
Seen in transportation, to manufacturing
Large scale projects caused large scale management decisions.
Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad
In the 19th Century, project management emerged as an important activity when commerce grew and became more complex.

15. The Early Years: Late 19th Century
PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce
Seen in transportation, to manufacturing
Large scale projects
Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad
Large scale government projects led to large scale project managements.

16. The Early Years: Late 19th Century
PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce
Seen in transportation, to manufacturing
Large scale projects
Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad
An example of this is the Transcontinental Railroad of the 1862

17. The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad
First large scale project management
Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line
Granted funding and land
Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA
The Transcontinental Railroad is considered to be one of the first organized government project that required large scale project management.

18. The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management
President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line
Granted funding and land
Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA
The project had its official start when President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act which granted an official charter for the project.

19. The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management
President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
Railway
Telegraph line
Granted funding and land
Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA
This charter authorized the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific to build a railway and a telegraph line.

20. The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management
Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line
Granted funding and land
Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA
The act granted funding and land to both railroad companies.

21. The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management
Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line
Granted funding and land
Union Pacific
Central Pacific
The Union Pacific was commissioned to build west from Omaha, Nebraska and the Central Pacific east from Sacramento, California.

22. The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad
The following is an example of Theodore D. Judah’s, railroad pioneer’s, project plan for the Transcontinental Railroad.
Source: Wikipedia: Theodore Judah

23. The Early Years: Late 19th Century
Mid-19th century business leaders faced with task of organizing labor in manufacturing and assembly
During the mid-19th century, the US economic boom, business leaders of the American industrial revolution found themselves faced with the daunting task of organizing the manual labor of thousands of workers and the manufacturing and assembly of unprecedented quantities of raw material.

24. The Early Years: Late 19th Century
Mid-19th century business leaders faced with task of organizing labor in manufacturing and assembly
Coffee break
before and now
During the mid-19th century, the US economic boom, business leaders of the American industrial revolution found themselves faced with the daunting task of organizing the manual labor of thousands of workers and the manufacturing and assembly of unprecedented quantities of raw material.

25. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt
Construction
Engineering
Defense
Henry Gantt forefather of project management
Known for planning and control techniques
“Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule.
In the early 20th century, modern project management came about from different areas of application such as construction, engineering, and defense.

26. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt
Modern project management came from construction, engineering, and defense
Henry Gantt forefather of project management
Known for planning and control techniques
“Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule.
The forefather of project management in the US is Henry Gantt.
Source Gantt Charts at

27. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt
Modern project management came from construction, engineering, and defense
Henry Gantt forefather of project management
Known for planning and control techniques
“Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule.
He is known as the father of planning and control techniques.
Source Gantt Charts at

28. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart
Here is an example of the original “Gantt” chart showing tasks done over various months
Source Gantt Charts at

29. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart
In these early charts, progress was shown by filling in the bars.
Source Gantt Charts at

30. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart
Around this time, Gantt charts might have also shown milestones for completion of various tasks as triangles
Source Gantt Charts at

31. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart
More modern Gantt charts combine milestones, bars and color in the same chart to indicate progress towards project completion.
Source Gantt Charts at

32. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor
Work breakdown
Piecemeal work
Another prominent figure in modern project management is Frederick Winslow Taylor's
Source: Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia

33. Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor
Taylor, an associate of Henry Gantt, developed scientific theories of management. He studied certain production elements and how each task can be made efficient through the use of fine tuning techniques.
Source: Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia

34. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond
Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project management
Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used
Early 1950’s modern project management
Before and during World War II, businesses used an ad-hoc approach to project management.

35. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond
Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project management
Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used
Early 1950’s modern project management
Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used to guide project schedules and resources.

36. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond
Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project management
Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used
Early 1950’s modern project management
The early 1950’s saw the beginning of modern project management.

37. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
Two mathematical scheduling methods
“Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT
Analyzes the tasks
Identifies minimum amount of time
Mathematical scheduling methods were developed.

38. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
Two mathematical scheduling methods
“Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT
Analyzes the tasks
Identifies minimum amount of time
Edwin Booz
The “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the US Navy’s Polaris missile submarine program.
Source: The Story of Consulting:

39. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
Two mathematical scheduling methods
“Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT
Analyzes the tasks
Identifies minimum amount of time
Edwin Booz
The “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the US Navy’s Polaris missile submarine program.
Source: The Story of Consulting:

40. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
This is an example of a PERT chart. This is a chart of a seven month project with five milestones connected by six activities. In this chart activies are shown with letters A through F. The length of each activity is also given on the arc connecting the milestones. The milestones are marked as numbers 10 through 50. The project start is 10 and project end is 50. This type of chart is called activity on arcs chart. Other types of charts can also be drawn to show activities inside nodes.
Source: Wikipedia

41. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
This is an example of a PERT chart. This is a chart of a seven month project with five milestones connected by six activities. In this chart activies are shown with letters A through F. The length of each activity is also given on the arc connecting the milestones. The milestones are marked as numbers 10 through 50. The project start is 10 and project end is 50. This type of chart is called activity on arcs chart. Other types of charts can also be drawn to show activities inside nodes.
Source: Wikipedia

42. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects
Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
A CPM diagram based on the following project elements:
List of all activities required for project
Length of time for each activity
Dependencies between the activities.
The “Critical Path Method” or CPM was developed by jointly by both DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects.

43. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects
Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
A CPM diagram based on the following project elements:
List of all activities required for project
Length of time for each activity
Dependencies between the activities.
The CPM, or critical path analysis, is a mathematically based algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities.

44. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects
Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
CPM diagram
List of all activities required for project
Length of time for each activity
Dependencies between the activities.
A CPM diagram is built based on the following project elements:

45. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects
Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
CPM diagram
List of all activities required for project
Length of time for each activity
Dependencies between the activities.
A list of all activities required to complete the project (also known as Work Breakdown Structure or WBS),

46. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects
Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
CPM diagram
List of all activities required for project
Length of time for each activity
Dependencies among the activities
The length of time that each activity will take to complete, and

47. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects
Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
A CPM diagram based on the following project elements:
List of all activities required for project
Length of time for each activity
Dependencies among the activities
The dependencies between the activities.

48. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
CPM diagram of a construction project

49. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The blue arrows are tasks that consume resources
The blue arrows are
tasks that consume
resources

50. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The blue arrows also have the time required to complete each task
The blue arrows also
have the time required
to complete each task

51. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
indicates the sequence
The dashed arrow
for each activity.
The dashed arrow indicates the sequence for each activity.

52. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
In this example, the roofline
must first be fitted before
the roof timbers can be fitted.
In this example, the roofline must first be fitted before the roof timbers can be fitted.

53. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Green for beginning
The circles’ colors indicate the beginning which is green

54. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Yellow for activities
Yellow for activities

55. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Red for end of the project
and red for the end of the project.

56. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks
Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks

57. Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
A lot of misunderstanding
Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks

58. This lecture continues in a separate set of slides
Part two of this lecture focuses on recent history of project management
This lecture continues in a separate set of slides . Part two of this lecture focuses on recent history of project management