1. Youth Integrated Services Group 2 “ 全人犯氣工心 ” Members: Cheung Mei Ka, Wendy 5057 3295 Chiu Shuk Man, Dorothy 5055 0270 Choi Wing Ching, Drink 5055 6201 Lee Wing Chuen, 9 5056 2115 Li Ka Cheong, 西芹 5057 2194 Man Hoi I, Joyce 5048 8285 Tse Ping Kin, Tony 5058 4408 Wong Tsz Yan, Joan 5055 9528 Yan Ho Ki, Yanki 5047 2670

2. Presentation flow Models of Integration Advantages of integration Disadvantages of integration Difficulties in implementation and solutions to youth IT teams Our comments

3. Models of Integration in Youth IT teams

4. Client-oriented integration One stop services In response to client’s characteristics and needs Characteristics or needs of Youth Recreational needs Personal growth Self image Behavioral problems Emotional problems counseling support group career guidance Educational programs ABC/ leadership trainings outreaching

5. 1. Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG) Heng Fa Chuen Youth S.P.O.Ts. (C & Y setting) 2. 童軍之友社 - 賽馬會朗屏青少年服務中心 they provide services according to ever- changing needs and expectations of HK’s youth Client-oriented integration Example

6.  services: interest classes, counseling, ABC or leadership training, educational program, outreaching and career guidance, etc. Aims:  to provide various services for a teenager  to provide service to different teenagers having the same needs

7. Professional-oriented integration Different professional join together E.g. Social Worker + Probation Officer work together in helping young offender

8. Professional-oriented integration example 1. 童軍之友社 - 賽馬會朗屏青少年服務中 心 Outreach Social Worker co-work with Police to exchange information about particular marginal youth 成長的天空 : Social worker co-work with teacher for better development of students

9. Method-oriented integration Use three social work practice methods to tackle with different level of client’s problem or needs. e.g. case, group and community work

10. Method-oriented integration Example 1. Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG) Heng Fa Chuen Youth S.P.O.Ts. Providing counseling, group work and programs Aims:  to provide guidance, care and support for young people which help them to tackle with crisis and problems in developmental process.  to strengthen their self image; enhance their intra-personal communication skills, problem-solving and coping capacities, as well as positive attitudes.  to enhance their civic mindedness and encourage them to participate in community affairs and volunteer services.

11. Agency oriented integration Different agencies join together as partnership Example: 路德會社會服務處 ~ 賽馬會海濱花園綜合服務中心 This agency cooperate with schools and churches (also from LCHKS) to concern child /youth problems in projects  to share resources, alert common issues facing by child/youth

12. Locality-oriented integration Within one area, different agencies or workers join together  respond to hot issues such as family violence Example: - 上水綜合家庭服務中心 co-work with 賽馬會天平青少 年綜合服務中心舉辦 - 西元朗綜合家庭服務中心 co-work with 元朗區童軍之 友社舉辦

13. Community-based planning Collective approach  collaboration between workers and community members to assess the needs of youth in local context  cooperated agencies define their direction and formulate their specific objectives  common vision are shared

14. Community-based planning 1. Assessment of community needs 2. Diagnosis of needed change 3. Implementation of change through a series of appropriate and well planned services or programs 4. Effective coordination and monitoring 5. Evaluation of outcomes of implementation

15. Community-based planning Example 童軍之友社 - 賽馬會朗屏青少年服務中心 It is located in Yuen Long district It established linkages between IFSCs, Caritas and other agencies in assessing the community needs Case conferences and meetings are frequently organized

16. Advantages of Integration in Youth IT Centers

17. Summary 1. More comprehensive to work with client’s needs 2. Help to build up the relationship with teenagers 3. Manpower deployed and resources allocated flexibly 4. Self improvement of social workers 5. Closer relationship between colleagues 6. Equal opportunities to use the resources among target groups 7. School can provide a great source of member to IT

18. 1. More comprehensive to work with clients’ needs Before integration: the service units were divided separately, cannot provide a holistic care and service to service users. ( 羅致光, 1997 ) After integration: An agency can provide holistic services units to service users Multi-level Intervention Approach Service users can get all services in one place  more convenience help clients to resolve their problems themselves and meet their needs in a more effective way E.g. In the past, any case with family problem will probably be referred to IFSC as soon as possible. Yet, IT workers need to deal with them directly unless it is a very serious case. An IT center provides various kinds of services for service user, such as services in school, school social worker, children and family work, youth work, outreaching work and community work. Therefore, a youth and his/her family can enjoy the services comprehensively.

19. 2. Help to build up the relationship with teenagers Due to multi-intervention approach, case referrals from agency to agency and transfers from worker to worker within agency   would not break up the rapport with teenagers  avoid obstructing the intervention progress or withdrawal of seeking help  save client’s time  increase clients’ sense of belonging  more time to develop relationship between worker and teenagers E.g. Caritas Integrated Service Centre for Young People – Stanley, there is service for young night drifters (YND), outreach workers mainly take up youths at midnight, they attempt to help those who are at risk retain a routine and healthy lifestyle. Having a day shift, they can hold group activities for the youths in day time for a change in their lifestyle. Workers do not need to transfer cases to day time colleagues who then need to establish relationship again with the youths

20. 3. Manpower deployed and resources allocated flexibly Integrated social service for young people does not just focus on centre-based service, but also school work outreaching work and family education ( 莫家強, 1997) As the focus is on the young people and the community, the agency can allocate the resources more flexibly to match up their needs through providing multi- intervention point (centre – school – outreaching) E.g. In 童軍之友社 - 賽馬會朗屏青少年服務中心, if centre and school do not have enough workers to handle work, daily outreach workers may be assigned to stay in centre

21. 4. Self improvement of social workers Workers can have more chances to try different working methods The concept of “integration” including workers’ integration of working methods Such as case work, family and youth group work, counseling, outreaching, etc. Can enhance workers’ knowledge of working methods E.g. In Caritas Integrated Service Centre for Young People – Stanley, outreach workers may have chance to deal with youths’ families, this pushes them to self-learn relevant knowledge by reading or discussing with colleagues.

22. 5. Closer relationship between colleagues More discussions and support among staff can give a higher morale E.g. In 童軍之友社 - 賽馬會朗屏青少年服務中心, work distribution for schools, centre and outreach is reasonable. Workers cooperate well among themselves. The atmosphere is supportive between supervisors, IC and workers.

23. 6. Equal opportunities among target groups  Different target groups are given equal opportunities to participate in centre activities E.g. Even marginal youths can be welcomed undoubtedly to utilize centre services as they are listed as targets

24. 7. School can provide a great source of member to IT Can promote activities in school Through providing a chain of services in school, students can have more understanding and familiar with the IT team and workers Maybe it can transfer the case to IT team to follow up School is the market for worker to observe what are the student’s needs, in order to provide suitable services to service users

25. Disadvantages of Integration in Youth IT Centers

26. Summary 1. The resources are misapplied and become a waste 2. The quality of services are difficult to monitor 3. Increased workload, stress and demoralization 4. IT setting is lack of a professional image 5. Service delivery bounded by district boundaries

27. 1. The resources are misapplied and become a waste Client can get the service from an IT setting easily without spending any cost. Intake process is simple, less screening process or other barriers to targets Service would be easily misapplied (Perlmutter et. Al., 1979; 羅維安, 1997) because clients and workers may not cherish the resources so much.

28. 2. The quality of services are difficult to monitor In terms of the economic perspective, to implement integration means to have less competition between different settings (school, centre, outreaching). The IT setting would not have to compare with other setting in order to improve its quality ( 羅維安, 1997). Clients under a IT team will normally take the services (counseling, group, etc) from the same team when they build up relationship with workers. Less chance for them to compare the services provided from other teams. So, clients can monitor less concerning the quality of services

29. 3. Increased workload, stress, demoralization  Due to multi-level intervention approach, workers need to deal with more tasks than before, frequency of over-time working hours increases  Thus, less time can be spent with families and friends, affecting workers’ health and morale  decreases working efficiency

30. 4. IT setting is lack of a professional image To achieve the holistic perspective, IT team requires workers to move away from a specialist approach towards a generalist approach However, the increasing demand for professional service and quality work created tremendous pressures on them, especially for those who have insufficient knowledge on integrated approaches may be doubted about their profession. E.g. Outreach workers used to communicate with youth and deal with case work, they may face difficulties while they are told to intervene with the youth’s family. This arrangement may not beneficial to the youths. This might somehow lower the quality of services rather than improving as expected. The image of IT setting is thought to be “lacking of professional skills” and thus giving less confidence to client to provide relevant services to them. ( 羅維安, 1997)

31. 5. Service delivery bounded by district boundaries  To avoid large workload, some staff put too much effort on defining the boundaries of responsible district area  still have service gap and may give risk to service users when they really need help but left unattended

32. Difficulties in Implementation & Solutions in Youth IT Centers

33. Summary 1. Contradiction in resource allocation 2. Dilemmas in working attitude, value and objective 3. Frequent staff turnover 4. Failure in adaptation 5. Producing a negative centre image 6. Failure in integrating different target groups

34. 1. Contradiction in resources allocation DifficultySolution Due to limited resources from lum- sum grant, there may be a contradiction in the fairness and equality of resources allocation after integration e.g. in 路德會社會服務處 ~ 賽馬會海濱花園 綜合服務中心, after calculation and considerations which relate to a large amount of expenditure and geographic location (teenagers in the region mostly come from middle- income families, less delinquents and less amount of teenagers there) 1.Some services may be exploited or cut the resources after integration e.g. outreaching team, which mainly spends money but not earn money for agency e.g. Outreach team is cut. More resources are focused on primary school students (e.g. interest class)

35. 2. Dilemmas in working attitude, values and objective DifficultySolutions Staff may hold different perception to youths, which leads to conflicts among workers and even demoralization in the IT team e.g. some centre staff think that marginal youth only bring troubles to them, so marginal youth are not actually welcomed to centre to the extent. If marginal youths smoke outside the centre ’ s entrance, this act may be acceptable by the outreach workers but disliked by centre workers. Conflicts may then easily occur  Failure in communication among staff could create tension, argument, and misunderstanding 1.Effective communication (sharing and exchange their values) among staff and make consensus to handle the youths 2.Effective supervisor ’ s intervention is also needed, when there is difficulty to reach a consensus due to large team of staff with different experiences, emphases, orientation and work focuses

36. 3. Frequent staff turnover DifficultySolutions Some staff may resign if they find that they cannot afford the increased workload and stress anymore  this may obstruct the improvement progress of individual service user or worse still, induce withdrawal of seeking help. However, it is not always an easy task to take up their cases for another worker. The service target will then left and may be difficult to contact anymore. 1.State clearly the working area and workload before any new employment 2.In-service training about work management

37. 4. Failure in adaptation DifficultySolutions  The workers are required to experience other work types, different intervention methods and working conditions  They may fail to adapt the changes 1.Staff orientation 2.In-service training e.g. crisis management and mediation skills, family therapy)

38. 5. Producing a negative centre image DifficultySolutions Upon integration, marginal youths who visited their workers would hand around in IT centres; their frequent presence will easily produce a negative image to centre. E.g. If they smoke outside the centre and dress like “ bad guys ”, parents may think that the centres might not be a proper place for their children as they afraid their children would learn bad behaviours if they get along with the marginal youth. 1.Consider more when recruiting marginal youth to join centre activities which involve other target groups, e.g. whether the marginal youth can keep peace and follow rules claimed to them 2.While holding activities in IT centres, need to set rules for marginal youth and make sure that they will conform 3.While renting space of IT centres, choose a suitable time so that conflicts between marginal and conventional youths can be avoided

39. 6. Failure in integrating different target groups DifficultySolutions Social integration is difficult among different target groups as they have different cultures. e.g. For marginal youth, they may be more active and play around loudly in centres. For conventional youth, they are more likely to concentrate on study or discussing homework in centres. Conflict and discrimination sometimes occur as the marginal youth are thought to be annoying. Workers ’ intervention like choosing a suitable time for renting space of IT centres as to avoid conflict between the youths somehow further lessen their chance of interaction. 1.Voluntary programme including both type of youths (after some training to marginal youth, making sure that they can communicate and behave well with others) 2.Adventure activities – let the marginal and conventional youths develop their potential and see each others ’ charming points 3.Community education to reduce discrimination towards the disadvantaged youths

40. Our Comments

41. Summary 1. Community- based planning VS Funding based 2. Government hasn’t a complete integrity of youth policy 3. Quality of education in institution 4. Real integration?

42. Upon integration, youth IT settings can have a better community-based planning & provide a variety of services for youths, being more responsive to their needs. Services such as the interest classes, parenting groups, outreach team and projects related to poverty alleviation are often available. An integrated approach facilitates more cooperation among different services and professions. 1. Community- based planning VS Funding based (1)

43.  Yet, it can be argued that the provision of services in fact depends on what kind of funded- projects they have bided, neglecting the potential needs of the community and affecting the service quality. We found that workers are more incentive to those projects which can help centers to earn more money. Many centers and schools hold hands to work on proposals and projects bidding. Does it imply that many NGOs are lacking of resources? 1. Community- based planning VS Funding based (2)

44. 1. Community- based planning VS Funding based (3)  Integration emphasizes on the totality and multiple interventions which require more resource involvement and investment in the services. Remaining lum-sum grant may not be enough to support youth services, then how to use the limited resources to satisfy the community needs together with providing comprehensive integration services? So, centers and school workers are encouraged to put more effort on funded projects. Sometimes, most of the services are not planned and provided until the community crisis broke out. That means the community based services are mainly remedial measures, but not preventive.

45. 2. Government does not have a complete integrity of youth policy The phenomenon of funding-based services may imply that there are limited substitution and support from the government in youth services integration. The government is not active to play the role in a sense that providing less resources to encourage the totality in youth services.

46. 2. Government does not have a complete integrity of youth policy In HK, there is a variety of youth service units providing different services for youth in their own ways, such as bidding more projects and proposals with more funding and grant. As discussed previously, this trend may adversely affect the quality of services in the long run, contributing to a failure in achieving the goal of integrating works and services completely. So, the Government should provide adequate supports and having better planning in the integration projects, by showing successful demonstrations to provide more funding and grants to the NGOs

47. 3. Quality of education in institution Some dimension of advantages and disadvantages are just two sides of the same coin E.g. An multi-level approach can make social workers more self- initiative to learn and discuss with colleagues for a better intervention. Yet, it also gives tremendous pressure on them due to insufficient knowledge on integrated approaches. This may then induce service users’ doubt to their profession. To some extent, the development of integration may depends on the workers’ self values and initiation, which indeed ought to be greatly influenced by the nourishment in their institution.

48. 4. Real integration? Currently, Are youth IT services undergoing a real integration or just a combination of services ? A real integration is assumed to aim at youths’ needs to provide them with integrated services by case, group and programs and being done by workers who identify themselves to integrate knowledge and skills in different settings, while.. a combination of services only a superficial combining different services together, while separate and distribute the work back to “centre worker”, “school worker” or “outreach worker” However, it depends on the culture and direction of organization, and the person who manage and allocate recourses in the IT team.

49. Reference Lo. T.W., Wong, S.W., & Chan, W.T. (1997). Evaluation on the implementation of review Report on Children and Youth Center Service: Final Report. Hong Kong : City University of Hong Kong, Comissioned by the Social Welfare Department, Hong Kong Government Perlmutter, E.D. et. al. (1979). Service Intergation and transfereability: Implications of the United Service Agency Demonstation Project’ in Administration in Social Work, 3(1): 17-31, New York: Haworth Press 莫家強 (1997) 青青少年綜合服務與兒童及青少年中心的青少年綜合模式, 載於綜合點線面 (1997). 香港 : 香港小童群益會長沙灣青少年綜合服務中心 羅維安（ 1997) 社會工作綜合服務珠璣－經驗與展望，香港：香港仔街坊福利會社會服務中 心 羅致光 (1997) 學者對青少年綜合服務的意見, 載於綜合點線面 (1997). 香港 : 香港小童群益會長 沙灣青少年綜合服務中心 吳水麗著 (1990) 。 > ，香港 ： 香港基督敎服務處，頁 62-67 蔡元雲... [ 等 ](1998) 。 > ，香港 : 突破出版社，頁 85-294 關銳煊，陳永昌編 (1997) 。 > ，香港 : 香港仔街坊福 利會社會服務中心， 頁 177-187