1. Python November 14, Unit 7

2. Python Hello world, in class

3. Strings A string is a bunch of characters In >>>print “Hello, world!”, the string is: Hello, world! We can have numbers inside strings >>>print “Today is my friend’s 35 th birthday!” >>>print “4+4” Strings are one type of value that python can manipulate

4. Values and Type Values are some of the basic items that your program can manipulate “Hello, world!” is a value of the type string >>>print 1+1, the value of this is 2 and is of the type integer So what is a type? –Values are categorized according to their type

5. Types It’s easy to see that “Hello, world!” and the value of 4+4 are of different types –“Hello, world!” is a string –4+4 produces 8, which is a number They have different types 1.2 and 4 also have different types –4 is an integer (whole number can be positive or negative) –1.2 is called a float (or floating-point number) Can also be positive or negative If it has a decimal point it’s usually a float Like real numbers “4+4” is of the type string –If it’s in quotes, it is a string

6. What’s so Important about Types? The type of value dictates what you can do with it >>>print 8-4 –Has a value of 4 >>>print “Hello, world!”-H –We may think this means take away the “H” in “Hello, world!” –But the interpreter has no idea what we mean –We can’t subtract a letter from a string in this way One of the reasons for using types is that different types of information are stored differently –Characters are not stored the same way as integers –Integers and floating point numbers aren’t stored the same way

7. Mathematical Expressions Should all be familiar with a mathematical expression –4+4 –8 * 2 –24 / 2 + 6 * 3 An expression is any kind of calculation that returns a result

8. Expressions, in General We can have things other than mathematical expressions A value by itself is considered an expression –>>>4 –>>>”Hello, world!” Expressions are any combination of values, variables, and operators –We’ll get more into this later

9. Mathematical Expressions, cont. Mathematical expressions have two parts: –Operators –Operands Operators are the symbols we use for math –+ addition –- subtraction –/ division –* multiplication –** power (exponent) –() Operands are the values we use these operators on –4 + 8 / 6 * 3 Operands are: 4, 8, 6, 3 Operators are: +, /, * –Operandscan also be variables

10. Evaluating Mathematical Expressions In python (like in most programming languages), mathematical expressions are evaluated like we learned in grammar school PEMDAS –Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction –Please Explain My Dear Aunt Sally –Multiplication and Division have the same precedence As do Subtraction and Addition Evaluated left to right Doesn’t really matter 3+4-2 –7-2 = 5 –3 + 2 = 5

11. Mathematical Expressions In class example Integer division: –When you divide one integer by another –Produces another integer –Always rounds down –2/3 = 0 –4/3 = 1 Floating point division: –If we want the decimal information at least one of the two operands must be a float 2.0 /3 2 / 3.0 2.0 / 3.0

12. In-Class Examples Playing with mathematical expressions

13. Variables Variables are a way to store data so that we can use it over and over >>>x = 4 + 8 >>>print x 12 –x is the variable We can store data of any type in a variable >>>name=“Sarah Brown” >>>print name

14. Variables, cont. Let’s say we have the expression “8 *2 +4” and we want to store it in a variable called “x” >>>x = 8 *2 + 4 The value of 8 *2 + 4 is calculated, resulting in 20 This is then assigned to the variable x using the “=“ operator This is called an assignment statement

15. Variables, cont. We can assign the value of one variable to another variable >>> y = x We can assign an expression using a variable to another variable >>>y = x*2 + 7 Variables do not store the expression –They store the value of the expression –If x = 4, y has the value of 15 –y does not have the value “x *2 + 7”

16. User Input Now that we have a way to store data, we can get input from users and manipulate it To prompt the user for information we are going to use raw_input(“Whatever you want to ask for”) and assign that to a variable Example: >>>name = raw_input(“What is your name”) >>>print name, “is such a pretty name”

17. raw_input, cont. Another example: >>>age = raw_input(“How old are you? “) >>>print “you are “, age,”years old! That is SO old!” So when printing out the above statement we want to put the value for age in between two strings –One way to do this is to use a “,” –Items in python separated by a comma are considered items in a list –Just prints them in order

18. raw_input, cont. One of the issues with using raw_input is that all input from the user is considered to be a string Take the following: >>>base = raw_input(“Enter a number”) >>>print “ 2 times base is: “, base The out put would be : “2 times base is: basebase” If the user entered the number 4 “2 times base is 44” The user could have entered a name if they had wanted and it would print it twice –If base = “pizza” –“2 times base is pizzapizza”

19. Another Example with raw_input Let’s say instead of multiplying base by 2 we want to output base+1 >>>base = raw_input(“Enter a number”) >>>print base+1 This would cause an error –We can’t add the number 1 to a string We need to convert the value in base from a string to a number –We are going to use that concept of types

20. Type Function We can use the function type to determine the type of a variable >>>base = raw_input (“enter a number”) >>>type(base) Will output >>>type(4) will output >>>type(4.0) will output

21. Type Conversion We can use different functions to convert from one type to another –int() converts whatever is inside the () to an integer –float() converts the contents of the () to a floating point number –str() converts contents of () to a string We can use these function to convert the input from the user to the type that we need

22. Type Conversion, example >>>base = int(raw_input(“enter a number”)) >>>print base +1 If the user enters the number 5, 6 will be output

23. In Class Example Getting input from the user –Storing input in a variable Using multiple variables Converting from one type to another

24. Concatenation So far when we want to print multiple things we’ve been using a comma to separate the items Better way is to concatenate the items Concatenation is like string addition >>>print “Hello,” + “world!” –Outputs “Hello, world!” We can only concatenate strings >>>x = 4+8 >>>print “4 + 8 = “ + x Causes an error

25. Using str() Like we can change the type of input from the user from a string to a number, we can go back in the other direction >>>x = 4 + 8 >>>print “4 + 8 = “ + str(x) Would output: “4 + 8 = 12”

26. In Class Examples Putting it all together Converting input to number then back to a string for printing

27. Questions The main points from today’s lecture: –Types (int, float, string) –Mathematical Expressions PEMDAS –Variables Assignment statements –User Input (raw_input()) Always produces a string –Type conversion