1. D rag and A tmospheric N eutral D ensity E xplorer (DANDE) C ommand and D ata H andling (CDH) Preliminary Design Review September 13 th, 2007 Brandon Gilles (EE) James Gorman (ECE) Eric McIntyre (ECE) Gabe Thatcher (EE)

2. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Program Schedule Spring 07 Summer 07 Fall 07 Spring 08 Summer 08 Fall 08 SCR ♦ Prelim. Design & Breadboard ♦ PDR ♦ Flat-sat Build ♦ EDU & Vibe Test ♦ CDR ♦ Proto Qualification Build ♦ PQR ♦ Proto Qualification Testing ♦ FCR → Concept Design, Requirements DefinitionDesign Documentation, Analysis, Breadboard Verification EDU, Analysis, Flat Sat, Verification at 50% Proto-Qualification Unit at 80%, Verification at 90%Proto-Qualification Unit at 100%, Verification at 100%, as-built documentation Detailed Schedule Electrically equivalent satellite on a lab bench

3. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Responsibilities of CDH Monitor and manage health of satellite. Record and pre-process data from science subsystems. Provide command and control functionality. Manage the operating modes of satellite. –Science –Safe –Separation –Spin-up 3

4. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Scope of Implementation Developing the Flat Satellite version of the CDH system –Full Hardware and software functionality –Boards do not have size constraints –Standard practice for satellite development Size constrained boards come after Flat-Sat completion 4 The CDH portion of the DANDE Flat-Sat is the scope of this capstone project http://web.usna.navy.mil/~bruninga/pcsat.html Here is the Flat-Sat of the Naval Academy’s ‘Pcsat’

5. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Outline of Approach 5 Distributed architecture –Main “Flight Computer” 32-bit Atmel AVR Linux 2.6 Kernel –Subsystem microcontrollers 8-bit Atmel AVRs

6. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory CDH Block Diagram 6

7. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Subsystem and Instrument Interfaces Interfaces to the satellite are all through the subsystem microcontrollers –Subsystem microcontrollers are responsible for collecting and buffering salient science and health data from the subsystem instruments. –The Flight Computer polls the subsystem microcontrollers periodically for data Extent of Subsystem Development –The CDH team shall provide an AVR reference design to the subsystem designer AVR hardware reference design AVR driver package (in C) –Beyond this reference design, no further subsystem development is in the scope of this project 7

8. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Division of Labor Brandon Gilles –Project Manager –REA - 32-bit Hardware –REA - Linux Kernel James Gorman –REA - 8-bit Hardware and Software Reference Design –REA - Watch Dog and Long Dog Circuitry –32-bit Hardware 8 Across the board –32-bit Software Analysis, Design and Implementation Eric McIntyre –REA - 32-bit Software –Architecture –Analysis and Design –Implementation Gabriel Thatcher –REA - Memory Voting Logic –REA - Subsystem Hardware Interfacing REA - Responsible Engineering Authority

9. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Implementation, Schedules, and Risk Assessment High-Level Systems Software Flight Computer Hardware and Drivers Subsystem Computer Hardware and Drivers 9

10. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory High-Level Systems Software 10

11. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Implementation The following methods will ensure successful implementation: Adherence to the rational process Detailed documentation during all workflows including requirements, analysis, and design Object-oriented design for applicable systems Coding during the implementation workflow will be performed in development environments provided by the chip manufacturer. 11

12. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Schedule 12

13. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Schedule 13

14. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Risk Assessment Risk: Failure to define requirements. –Consequences: Interfaces may not be clear or specified to users. Software may require rework, patches, or be unusable. –Mitigation: Following the rational process, meeting regularly with users, documenting, and holding regular reviews with the other subsystem leads Risk: Failure to build compatible software with specified hardware. –Consequences: Software will be unusable. –Mitigation: When defining implementation iterations each build will be tested on target hardware, which is available, to be considered usable. 14

15. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Flight Computer Hardware 15

16. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Flight Computer: Implementation The flight computer needs to be able to process large amounts of data It also needs to have support for high level code. –This is so the other systems can write algorithms in an easy to use object-oriented language –This is also so that there is protected memory so a bug in one piece of code does not wipe out everything else 16

17. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Flight Computer: Implementation The AVR32 processor will be used –This is a 32 bit RISC processor –High performance Pipelined with superscalar out-of-order execution Instruction and data cache –Internal DRAM controller –Fully supported in the Linux 2.6 kernel –Extensive integrated peripherals 17

18. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Flight Computer: Implementation The Linux operating system needs to be loaded out of a non-volatile memory which can be rewritten during flight –This can either be a parallel access NAND Flash chip or a SPI NAND Flash device 64 MB of non-volatile memory is required for science mission data –This will be in the form of an SD card This system requires RAM for the same reasons a PC requires RAM –Needs a place to execute code out of –Needs a place to store variables Either SRAM or DRAM will be used –Decision will be made based on amount of RAM required and ease of implementation –Other factors such as radiation tolerance may affect decision 18

19. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Flight Computer: Risk Assessment Make or Buy Decision for flight computer: –Make: Getting a processor with external memory running is a very difficult task In addition the processor is only available in a 256 pin BGA package Processor speed requires board design with signal integrity in mind (150MHz max) –Buy: Prevents Radiation Mitigation Techniques – Memory Voting Circuit 19

20. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Subsystems Hardware and Drivers 20

21. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Implementation Most of the subsystems need a way to interface their hardware to the central processor/ data bus An Atmel AVR 8-bit microcontroller will be used The microcontroller requires little hardware support for external circuitry Many I/O pins and peripheral hardware available for interfacing to subsystems 21

22. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Implementation Each subsystem will need to be able to write their own software to interface to their hardware This requires that low level drive be written to handle the following operations: –Manipulate digital I/O pins –Communicate using the UART or SPI module –Sample analog signals using the internal converter –Use the timers to sample data at the proper rate –React to commands from the central processor –Transmit data back to the main computer 22

23. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Flight Computer: Risk Assessment The hardware system involves very few risks The software risks involves writing the software in an extensible and easy to use way –Ther e is no protected memory so all other code can cause faults in the system –The proper libraries may not be provided. Libraries Currently Planned –Real Time Clock –Timer –UART –SPI –Analog Input 23

24. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Schedule 24

25. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Backup Slides 25

26. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory DANDE Background Information D rag and A tmospheric N eutral D ensity E xplorer – A Low-Cost Small-Satellite Program for Neutral Density, Wind, and Composition Research with Applications Space Weather Models –DANDE measures atmospheric density variations –DANDE will also provide coefficient of drag data –DANDE weighs 110 lb (50 kg), and is 18” (0.46 m) in diameter. –DANDE spins at 10 RPM to provide gyroscopic stability for instrument pointing, and ease of attitude determination and control. –DANDE uses the aluminum shell halves of its structure as a receive antenna, and a piano wire embedded in Delrin as a transmit antenna. –DANDE will use a novel aerobraking mechanism to quickly descend from a common 310- 370 miles (500-600 km) orbit to its science orbit at 220 miles (350 km) 26

27. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Exploded View 27

28. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory Communications Analysis Data volume: Communications passes: –Average pass length: 247 seconds ( @ start of mission) –~2 passes per day at Boulder CO (40°N) –At 9600bps, we can downlink ~1,968,000 bits per pass –Takes ~4 passes to downlink one day’s data Communications trade studies (in-progress): –Adding ground stations Space Grant Colleges in Hawaii, Puerto Rico Can downlink all data using 3 ground stations –Microwave (2.4GHz) communications equipment Currently increasing TRL at home institution –Potential use of local high-gain antenna facility 2 x 60’ steerable dishes (http://www.deep-space.org/)http://www.deep-space.org/

29. DANDE CDH PDRECEN 4610 Capstone Laboratory 29 Functional Block Diagram ACC Control Acc THM Control Coatings, Insulation Sensors Instrument NMS Control Instrument FOV 32° x 1° Instrument FOV 32° x 1° CDH I 2 C I/O CPU AVR32 RAM TBD SSD TBD RTC SFT OS Scheduling Comm ADCS Science Serial I/O Wiring Harness SEP Mech1 Mech2 Control Lightband assy. ABS EPS Photovoltaics 30W Battery B 14.4V 4AH RegulationControl FOV 360° Inhibit x4 Battery A 14.4V 4AH LV electrical interface Satellite Sep Plane (SSP) COM Tx Ant Rx Ant FOV 90° Tx 70cm 38.4kbps Rx 2m 9.6kbps TNC ACC Control Acc ADC Control Horizon Crossing Sensor Torque rod A Horizon Crossing Sensor Torque rod A Mag (3- axis) FOV 2° Instrument NMS Control Instrument FOV 32° x 1° Instrument FOV 32° x 1° ADC Control Horizon Crossing Sensor Torque rod A Horizon Crossing Sensor Torque rod A Mag (3- axis) FOV 2° THM Control Coatings, Insulation Sensors CDH I 2 C I/O CPU AVR32 RAM TBD SSD TBD RTC SFT OS Scheduling Comm ADCS Science Serial I/O EPS Photovoltaics 30W Battery B 14.4V 4AH RegulationControl FOV 360° Inhibit x4 Battery A 14.4V 4AH LV electrical interface Satellite Sep Plane (SSP) COM Tx Ant Rx Ant FOV 90° Tx 70cm 38.4kbps Rx 2m 9.6kbps TNC SEP Mech1 Mech2 Control Lightband assy. ABS