1. Class Report Yun-Huei Ju 2004-2-26

2. Movement Science Motor control, motor learning, and motor development “Kinesiology” Socrates said that before we begin to understand our world, we must first understand ourselves

3. Legacy -1 Socrates Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) Archimedes (287-212 B. C.) Galen (131-201 A. D.) Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Galileo Galilee (1564-1642) http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/Hu manMovement.htm

4. Legacy -2 René Descartes (1596-1690) Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679) Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) Francesco Maria Grimaidi (1613-1663) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Etienne Jules Marey (1830-1904) http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/Hu manMovement.htm

5. Motor and Sensory Nerve Galen (131-201 A.D.) distinguished between motor & sensory nerves and agonist & antagonist muscles http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/p rojects/swing/HumanMovement.htm

6. Automatic Reaction René Descartes (1596-1690) “external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends are displaced, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves.” http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/Descartes.html

7. Withdrawal Reflex http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/9-05Neural- Basis-of-MovementSpring2003/CourseHome/

8. Muscle Contraction Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679) The basis of muscle contraction is in the muscle fibers http://encarta.msn.com

9. Electrical Potential Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) “Father of Experimental Neurology” “The Effects of Electricity on Muscular Motion was probably earliest explicit statement of the presence of electrical potentials in nerve & muscle” http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/HumanMovement.htm

10. Experimental Set-up http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/galvani.htm

11. Function of Sensory and Motor Nerve Charles Bell (1774-1842) “Bell discovered the law on primarily anatomical evidence; Magendie verified it in living animals. The definite proof, however, is credited Johannes Peter M(1801-1858), who performed his experiment on the frog in 1831” http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2383.html

12. Achievements Bell Nerve –The posterior or long thoracic nerve Bell-Magendie Law –The anterior spinal nerve roots consist only motor fibers and posterior roots only sensory fibers Bell’s Palsy –Peripheral, idiopathic paralysis of facial muscles http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/classics/Bell.html

13. Functions of The Neurons The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington & Edgar Douglas Adrian

14. Reflex Model Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) “ The unit reaction of nervous integration is the reflex, because every reflex is an integrative reaction, and no nervous action short of a reflex is a complete act of integration….Coordination, therefore, is in part the compounding of reflexes” http://encarta.msn.comhttp://encarta.msn.com; Horak, 1991

15. Sherrington's law when one set of muscles is stimulated, muscles opposing the action of the first are simultaneously inhibited. Sensory information is important http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/542_91.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/542_91.html; Horak, 1991

16. Hierarchical Model Sir Hughlings Jacksons (1835-1911) Observation of his wife’s epileptic seizures “The brain was divided into different sections, and that each section controlled the motor function (or movement) of a different part of the body. And since the pattern never varied, the way the brain is organized must also be set.” http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=26727

17. Hierarchical Model http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=44135http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=44135; Horak, 1991

18. Different View Sherrington’s colleague, T. Graham Brown No sensory is needed to drive movement Motor program proposed http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/neuro/chap8/index.php?print

20. Different View Nikolai Bernstein (1896- 1966) “To understand neural control of movement, must understand the characteristics of the system you are moving and the forces acting on the system” Emergence http://faculty.uca.edu/~amymac/motor- control/Theories%20of%20Motor%20Control.rtf http://www.pmciv.unicaen.fr/

21. System Model Horak, 1991

22. Summary Start from Descartes CNS is the only mechanism –Hardwire and fixed, singular direction, passive role of CNS Complicated mechanism –Flexible, adaptation, & active participation of CNS