1. It’s all about the support: a new perspective on the satisfiability problem Danny Vilenchik

2. SAT – Basic Notions 3CNF form: F = ( x 1 Ç x 2 Ç ¬x 5 ) Æ ( x 3 Ç ¬x 4 Ç ¬x 1 ) Æ ( x 1 Ç x 2 Ç x 6 ) Æ … Ã F = ( F Ç F Ç T ) Æ ( T Ç T Ç T ) Æ ( T Ç F Ç T ) Æ … x6x6 x5x5 x4x4 x3x3 x2x2 x1x1 TFFTFF x 5 supports this clause w.r.t. Ã The supporter (if exists) is always unique Goal: algorithm that produces optimal result, efficient, and works for all inputs

3. SAT – Some Background  Finding a satisfying assignment is NP Hard [Cook’71]  No approximation for MAX-SAT with factor better than 7/8 [Hastad’01]  How to proceed?  Hardness results only show that there exist hard instances  The heuristical approach - relaxes the universality requirement  Typical instance?  One possibility: random models Heuristic is a polynomial time algorithm that produces optimal results on typical instances Heuristic is a polynomial time algorithm that produces optimal results on typical instances

4. Random 3SAT  Random 3SAT:  Fix m, n  Pick m clauses uniformly at random (over the n variables)  Threshold: there exists a constant d such that [Fri99]  m/n ¸ d : most 3CNF s are not satisfiable (4.506)  m/n < d : most 3CNF s are satisfiable (3.42)  Near-threshold 3CNF s are apparently “hard” for many SAT heuristics  Possible reason: complicated structure of solution space (clustering)

5. Motivation – part 1  Experimental results show: takes super-polynomial time for m/n ¸ 2.65 RWalkSAT( F ) [Papa91] 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.Flip a random variable in C RWalkSAT( F ) [Papa91] 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.Flip a random variable in C Simulated annealing WalkSAT( F ) 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.If C contains x s.t. support à ( x ) =0, flip x c.Else, -w.p. p flip variable with least support -w.p. (1-p) flip a random variable WalkSAT( F ) 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.If C contains x s.t. support à ( x ) =0, flip x c.Else, -w.p. p flip variable with least support -w.p. (1-p) flip a random variable

6. Motivation cont.  WalkSAT was suggested by Seizt, Alava, Orponen, 2005.  For p=0.57, experimental results show polynomial time for m/n ¸ 4.2  Already above the clustering threshold (~ 3.92 )  What makes this possible?  We suggest: taking the support into account  WalkSAT is part of the Support Paradigm Support Paradigm: a simulated-annealing heuristic H is part of the Support Paradigm if it bases its greedy decisions (which variable to flip) on the notion of support. Support Paradigm: a simulated-annealing heuristic H is part of the Support Paradigm if it bases its greedy decisions (which variable to flip) on the notion of support.

7. Our Result – Part 1  We present a simulated-annealing algorithm – SupportSAT  In some sense a variation on RWalkSAT that considers the support  The algorithm is part of the Support Paradigm  Proving rigorously that WalkSAT “works” is a very ambitious task  Improving lower bound on the sat threshold from 3.42 to 4.21 Theorem: the algorithm SupportSAT finds whp a satisfying assignment for 3CNF formulas in the planted 3SAT distribution with m/n ¸ c 0, c 0 some sufficiently large constant. Theorem: the algorithm SupportSAT finds whp a satisfying assignment for 3CNF formulas in the planted 3SAT distribution with m/n ¸ c 0, c 0 some sufficiently large constant.

8. Our Result cont.  RWalkSAT disregards the support – fails on such instances [AB04]  Staying at distance ¸ n/3 form any satisfying assignment  This rigorously mirrors the near-threshold picture for Random 3SAT  Experimental results show (random 3SAT):  RWalkSAT takes super-polynomial time for m/n ¸ 2.65  WalkSAT (Support Paradigm) stays efficient until m/n ¸ 4.21  Rigorous results show (Planted 3SAT) :  RWalkSAT takes super-polynomial time for m/n ¸ c 0  SupportSAT finds whp a satisfying assignment in polynomial time

9. The Algorithms RWalkSAT( F ) 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.Flip a random variable in C RWalkSAT( F ) 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.Flip a random variable in C WalkSAT( F ) 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.If C contains x s.t. support à ( x ) =0, flip x c.Else, -w.p. p flip variable with least support -w.p. (1-p) flip a random variable WalkSAT( F ) 1.Set à à random assignment 2.While( à doesn't satisfy F ) a.Pick a random unsatisfied clause C b.If C contains x s.t. support à ( x ) =0, flip x c.Else, -w.p. p flip variable with least support -w.p. (1-p) flip a random variable SupportSAT( F ) 1.Start with a random assignment 2.Iteratively flip variables with low support ( O ( log n ) steps) 3.Exhaustively search the subformula induced by “suspicious” variables SupportSAT( F ) 1.Start with a random assignment 2.Iteratively flip variables with low support ( O ( log n ) steps) 3.Exhaustively search the subformula induced by “suspicious” variables

10. The Planted Distribution  Planted 3SAT distribution with parameters m, n :  Fix an assignment   Pick u.a.r. m clauses out of all clauses that are satisfied by   We consider the case m/n=O(1)  Planted models also “fashionable” for graph coloring, max clique, max independent set, min bisection, SAT …  Planted 3SAT was analyzed in several papers  [Fla03] shows a spectral algorithm for solving sparse instances  We use the planted 3SAT as a case study for rigorous analysis to show:  “Simple” algorithms can be rigorously analyzed  Analysis of an algorithm in the Support Paradigm

11. Analysis Sampler  Every variable x is expected to appear in 3m/n clauses  x supports (w.r.t. planted) a clause in which it appears w.p. 1/7  E[Support  (x)]=3m/(7n) (O(1) in our setting)  Take à s.t. Ã(x)  (x), but equal otherwise  Support à (x)=0 then x will be flipped  After flip, Support à (x) is typically large: x will not be flipped again  If Support  (x) is small, then also after flip in à – remains small  In “reality”: à is random and therefore Ã(x)  (x) for half of the x ’s x is suspicious

12. Analysis Sampler cont.  Step 1 sets correctly the typical variables (large support w.r.t.  )  Step 2 completes the assignment of suspicious variables  There are whp e -£(m/n) n suspicious variables  They tpyically induce a “simple” formula (efficiently searchable)  One may not expect any “sophisticated” procedure to set them SupportSAT( F ) 1.Iteratively flip variables with low support ( O ( log n ) steps) 2.Exhaustively search the subformula induced by “suspicious” variables SupportSAT( F ) 1.Iteratively flip variables with low support ( O ( log n ) steps) 2.Exhaustively search the subformula induced by “suspicious” variables

13. Motivation – part 2 Conjectured solution space of Random 3SAT just below the threshold: (rigorously proved for k ¸ 8, [AR06,MMZ05])  All assignments within a cluster are “close”  A linear number of variables are “frozen”  Every two clusters are “far” from each other  Exponentially many clusters

14. Motivation – cont. [A. Coja-Oghlan, M. Krivelevich, V. 2007] Solution space of Planted 3SAT, m/n some constant above the threshold: (and also uniformly random satisfiable 3CNF s with same ratio)  Single cluster of satisfying assignments  Size of the cluster is exponential in n  (1-e -(m/n) )n variables are frozen

15. Our Result – part 2  Observation: if 9 à Support à (x)=0, x can not be frozen in that cluster  Going over the proof in [CKV07]:  Combinatorial characterization of the single frozen cluster is completely based on the support  The analysis of SupportSAT reveals:  The “WalkSAT” part of SupportSAT sets the frozen variables in the cluster correctly - (1-e -(m/n) )n variables  The non-frozen variables induce a simple formula:  can be identified and searched efficiently

16. Further Research  Rigorous analysis of “simple” and “practical” heuristics  WalkSAT on near-threshold random 3SAT  For starters, analyze it on the planted distribution  See if the components used in SupportSAT can be useful in practice  For example, for near-threhold random 3SAT  Any other interesting phenomena can be explained by the support ?

17. Motivation – Part 3 (philosophical)  3CNF formulas can be seen as physical objects (spin glass system)  Every assignment corresponds to a an energy level of the system  E F (Ã)= the number of unsatisfied clauses by à (free energy)  Goal: reach 0 temperature (freeze)  Connection to support?  Flipping variable with 0 support: making a move that can only decrease energy  Flipping variable with lowest support: a move which incurs the least increment of free energy  Flipping a variable in an unsatisfied clause: if it reduces the energy of the system then it increases the support of this variable