1. Network Fundamentals Chapter 1 Modified by Profs. Chen and Cappellino

2. Objectives In this chapter, you will learn to:
Describe how networks impact our daily lives.
Describe the role of data networking in the human network.
Identify the key components of any data network.
Identify the opportunities and challenges posed by converged networks.
Describe the characteristics of network architectures: fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service and security.
Install and use IRC clients and a Wiki server.

3. Networks supporting the way we live
____________________________ continues to increase in importance
Methods that we use to share ideas and information are constantly changing and evolving.
Early data networks were limited to exchanging character-based information between connected computer systems.
Current networks have evolved to carry _________ _______________________________ between many different types of devices.
Communications between networks almost ____________

4. The Global Community
Technology has helped bring about significant change
How?
Examples:
_______________ communities used for exchange of ideas and information
potential to increase productivity
Internet can be used to:
Run businesses,
Inform of/Address emergencies
Support education, science, and government
etc

5. Popular Communication Tools
_____________________
Weblogs are web pages that are easy to update and edit by anyone
Allows people to express there opinions
______________________
Wikis are web pages that groups of people can edit and view together. Whereas a blog is more of an personal journal.
Example: Wikipedia
_______________________
Podcasting is an audio-based medium
The audio file is placed on a website where others can download it and play the recording
Collaboration tools give people -from all locations -the opportunity to work together on shared documents.

6. Networks Supporting the way we learn
Courses delivered using network or Internet resources are often called _________________ experiences, or ______________.
The Cisco Networking Academy Program, is an example of a global online learning experience.
E-learning, in the business world, increasing in acceptance as a means to provide efficient and cost-effective employee training
What are some benefits of e-learning?

7. Networks Supporting the way we work
Initially, data networks were used by businesses to manage to company’s ___________ info
Today, networks provide a greater __________ between related functions and between different organizations
______________: ________________ in use by just ________ company
enables the company to communicate with employees ______________ in branch locations.
_________, or extended internetworks: to _______ ______________ (ie: suppliers, vendors, and customers) limited and “need to know only” _________ to corporate data

8. What is communication? Establishing the Rules
Before beginning to communicate with each other, we establish rules
_______________________________________ ___________________________
Among the protocols that govern successful human communication are:
An __________ sender and receiver
___________________ method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph)
_________________ and grammar
________________________ of delivery
Confirmation or ________________ requirements
The same basic techniques govern network communications

9. Quality of communications
There are different factors governing the success of communication through a network
External Factors
_______________Complexity of network
The _____________________ between the sender and the recipient
The number of times the message has to be ___________________
The number of other messages being transmitted simultaneously on the communication network
The _______________________ for successful communication
Internal factors affecting the successful communication across the network include:
The size of the message
Large messages may be interrupted or delayed at different points within the network.
The importance of the message
A message with a low importance or priority could be dropped if the network becomes overloaded.
NOTE: _____________________________ used to refer web pages, and other forms of communications

10. Communicating over networks
Successful communication relies on a web of interconnected networks.
All networks have four basic elements in common:
______________ agreements or protocols to govern how the messages are sent, directed, received and interpreted
The ___________ or units of information that travel from one device to another
_________________ such as the cabling- that can transport the messages from one device to another
_________________ on the network that exchange messages with each other
The _____________ of the various elements of the network enables equipment and devices ______________________________________

11. Elements of a network
In this course, we will learn about a variety of messages, devices, media, and services that allow the communication of those messages.
We will also learn about the __________________, that tie these network elements together.

12. Elements of a network cont.
Icons are commonly used to represent networking devices.
Shown are some common devices which often originate messages that comprise our communication.
Exs: computers, servers, IP phones.
On local area networks these devices are typically connected by LAN media (wired or wireless).

13. Elements of a network cont.
Shown are some of the most common intermediate devices, used to direct and manage messages across the network.
__________ - the most common device for interconnecting local area networks
_________ - provides security to networks
_________________ - helps direct messages as they travel across a network
________________ - a specific type of router often found in home networks
_____________ - used to summarize a group of networking devices, the details of which may be unimportant to the discussion at hand
_________________ - one form of WAN interconnection, represented by the lightning bolt-shaped line
Could be represented by any color

14. Elements of a network cont.
Network connections can be wired or wireless.
Wired connections:
__________________________________ telephone wire, coaxial cable, or most commonly- _________________________ ______________________________
Carries _________________ signals
Medium- _______________________
Thin strands of _____________________
Carries _______________ signals
Wireless connections
Medium- Earth's atmosphere, or space
Signals are microwaves.

15. Elements of a network
See chart for service used in network communication
Also listed are the protocols those services use
The industry standard network protocol suite (set of protocols) used in networking today is:
_____________ (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
_____________ protocol of the Internet
specify the formatting, addressing and routing mechanisms that ensure our messages are delivered to the correct recipient.

16. Elements of a network
Summary: excellent example in curriculum page 5

17. Converged Networks Separate types of networks of the past:
Traditional _______________ (POTS), _________, ____________________, and __________________ networks
In the past, each used there own medium, their own protocols, standards and technology to carry signals
Converged network- a network that _______ _________________________________________________________________
___________________ of the above networks
Eliminates the need to create and maintain separate networks.
Still contains many specialized devices

18. Converged Network Graphic
The fast pace at which the development of converged network applications is occurring can be attributed to the _________________ ________________

19. Network Architecture
Network Architecture refers to the ___________________________________ _______________________________
consider- function of the network?
anticipated needs/growth of the network?
etc
Four important characteristics needed in every network- see the following four slides …

20. ____________________
A fault tolerant network is one that ___________________ ________________________
Must recover quickly when such a failure occurs.
These networks depend on redundant links, or paths, between the source and destination of a message.
Curcuit Switching vs Packet Switch? Which is more fault tolerant (more to come…)

21. ________________________
A scalable network can ____________________ ______ and applications ___________ _____________________ of the service being delivered to existing users.
The operation at each layer in the network hierarchy enables users or service providers to be inserted without causing disruption to the entire network.

22. ______________________
New (__________________) applications available to users over internetworks create higher expectations for the quality of the services.
___________________ transmissions require a higher level of consistent quality then traditional applications (of just data)

23. ________________________
As Internet grew the need for security grew as well
The security and privacy of data is necessary to exchange _______________________ ____________________.
Many tools and procedures are being implemented to combat inherent security flaws in the network architecture.
In the early days of the internet, security was not a concern

24. The following slides consider the four important characteristics
With respect to the INTERNET…

25. Circuit Switched Connection-oriented Networks
Process used by _______- traditional phone
Phone switching locations between source and destination are identified.
A ____________________________ through the various switching locations to use for the duration of the telephone call.
If any ________________________, the _____________________.
To reconnect, a new call must be made, and the process repeated
Once a circuit is established, even if no communication is occurring between the persons on either end of the call, the ___________________ _________________________________________________ the call.

26. Packet Switched Connectionless Networks
Messages can be broken into _______
Individual blocks containing addressing information indicating both the origination point (source) and the final destination.
Each packet sent _______________ ______________________________ ____________, and can be reassembled at destination.
No reserved circuit is built between sender and receiver.
At each location (hop), a __________ __________ as to which path to use to forward the packet towards its final destination.

27. Which network architecture seems more fault tolerant: Circuit Switched Network or Packet Switched Network and why?

28. Scalable Network Architecture
The Internet-a ___________________________ __________________________________
Has a ______________________ for addressing, for naming and for connectivity of services.
As a result, network traffic that is destined for local or regional services does not need to traverse to a central point for distribution.
Common services can be duplicated in different regions, thereby __________________________ _________________________ networks.
No single organization regulates the Internet
Operators of the many individual networks that provide Internet connectivity follow _________ (aka ________) _______________________.

29. Excellent info.- see graphics on 1.4.3

30. Providing Quality of service
Networks must provide _____________ ___________, and, at times, __________ __________________
The packet-switched network architecture –while fault tolerant- ______________________
Networks need mechanisms to manage congested network traffic.
Congestion is caused when the ____________ __________________________________________________________________
Bandwidth is __________ and not always able to be increased

31. Providing Quality of service
In order to maintain high QoS, it is sometimes necessary to ____________ which types of data packets must be delivered at the expense of other types of packets.
_____________________
__________________________________________ ________________________
For example, communication that is time-sensitive or important would be classified higher than communication that can wait or is of lesser importance.
__________________________
The characteristics of the information being communicated also affect its management.
Information might have to be queued for a period of time or dropped
The _______________________________ on the type of company

32. Examples of priority decisions :
Time-sensitive communication - increase priority for services like ______________________.
Non time-sensitive communication - decrease priority for _______________________.
High importance to organization - increase priority for production control or __________ __________________________________
Undesirable communication - decrease priority or block unwanted activity, like ___________ ___________________________________

33. Providing Network Security
Consequences of a network security breach could include:
______________________ resulting in loss of business
___________________________ of personal or business info/data
Results:
Company intellectual property/ contract details ___________
Customer’s ____________________________,
____________________________________ in the business
There are two types of network security concerns: ________ ____________________________________.
Securing a network infrastructure: includes _________________ of _____________________________________________ to them.
Content security: refers to _______________________________ ________________ being __________________________ and the _________________________________________________.

34. Providing Network Security
Provide Network Security in the following three ways:
_________________________
Allowing only the intended and authorized recipients to read the data.
Having a strong system for ______________________,
enforcing password complexity and policies
Where appropriate, _______________________ ensures confidentiality
_____________________________________
Having the assurance that the ____________________ ___________________, from source (origin) to destination.
Done by use of digital signatures, hashing algorithms and checksum mechanisms

35. Providing Network Security
________________________
Having the ____________________________ __________ to data services for _____________.
Resources can be unavailable during a Denial of Service (DoS) attack
Help ensure availability using
Network ________________ devices
Desktop and server ________________ can ensure system reliability as well as availability
Building ______________________________, with few single points of failure, can reduce the impact of these threats.
This may not be practical

36. Biggest challenge- keeping pace with changes
Where is it all going?
There are three major trends that are contributing to the future shape of complex information networks:
Increasing number of mobile users
Proliferation of network capable devices
cell phones/blackberry type devices, PDAs, notebook/ ipad type devices
Expanding range of services
Biggest challenge- keeping pace with changes
and demands