1. Chapter 18
War and Terrorism

2. War and Peace : Basic Definitions
War-violent conflict among nations or organized groups
Peace-absence of violent conflict
Wars have always been part of human history
Twentieth century – thirteen major conflicts

3. The Increasing Destruction of War
War has been common throughout human history
Level and destructive nature of war(weaponry) has increased over time
The twentieth century and weapons of mass destruction-weapons that have the destructive capacity to kill many thousands of people at the same time

4. Causes of War Seven factors the promote the outbreak of war
1.Perceived threats
2.Cultural and religious differences
3.Political objectives
4.Moral objectives
5.Wealth and power
6.Social problems
7.Absence of alternatives

5. The Costs of Militarism
Global military spending exceeds $1 trillion annually
U.S. defense budget for 2000 was $291 billion or about $2,000 for each person in the United States
Factors underlying military spending
The cold war era
Post cold war and the world is still a dangerous place

6. The Costs of Militarism
Factors underlying military spending
Military-industrial complex-political alliance involving the federal government the military and the defense industries

7. The Economic Costs of War
Military spending
Destruction of the infrastructure of a society
Homes
Workplace
Water systems
Electrical and communication network
Other…

8. The Human Costs of War
Developments related to war in the twentieth century
Loss of human life has increased with the level of military technology
Total war-deadly conflict that targets population centers as well as military targets
Concentration camps-internment centers for prisoners confined for purposes of state security, exploitation, punishment, or execution

9. The Human Costs of War
War Crimes-offense against the law of war as established by international agreements and international law
WW II and the Geneva Convention an three categories of war crimes
1.Crimes against peace
-starting or preparing to go to war against another nation

10. The Human Costs of War
WW II and the Geneva Convention an three categories of war crimes
2. Conventional war crimes
-murder, rape, torture or ill treatment of people in any occupied territory
3.Crimes against humanity
-genocide

11. The Human Costs of War War and Children- Loss life Orphaned
War-Related Disabilities
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Illness and disability

12. War in the Nuclear Age
Nuclear weapons-bombs that use nuclear reactions to generate enormous destructive force
The Increase and Spread of Nuclear Weapons
Major nuclear powers
United States
Soviet Union

13. War in the Nuclear Age The Increase and Spread of Nuclear Weapons
Other countries with nuclear weapons
Britain
France
China

14. War in the Nuclear Age
Nuclear proliferation-acquisition of nuclear weapons technology by more nations
Israel
India
Pakistan

15. War in the Nuclear Age
Countries in the development process of nuclear weapons
Iran
Iraq
North Korea
Libya

16. War in the Nuclear Age The Effects of Nuclear War
Destruction of human life
Nuclear winter and the destruction of the ecosystem
Decline in temperature
Semidarkness

17. Strategies for Peace
Deterrence-strategy to keep peace based on the threat of retaliation
-MAD-mutual assured destruction
High-Technology Defense-the use of high technology, including satellites and ground installations, to shield the United States from attack
-SDI-strategic defense initiative

18. Strategies for Peace
Arms Control-international agreements to limit the development, testing, production, and deployment of weapons
-SALT-(1970’s)strategic arms limitation talks
-START-(1991)strategic arms reduction talk
Resolving Underlying Conflicts
-Diplomacy and peace negotiations

19. Terrorism
Terrorism-unlawful and typically random acts of violence or the threat of such violence employed by an individual, group, or government to achieve a political goal
State sponsored terrorism-one government provides money, weapons, and training for terrorists who engage in violence in another nation

20. Terrorism
Repressive state terrorism-government use of ruthless violence within its own borders to eliminate political opposition

21. The Extent of Terrorism
Terrorism:Global Perspective
Terrorism around the world
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Post WWII and the Militant faction of the Zionist movement
Current terrorism is directed towards the U.S.interests

22. The Extent of Terrorism
Terrorism in the United States
Post slavery and the Ku Klux Klan
Employers and the labor movement
Industrial Workers of the World
Weather Underground group of the 1960’s
Islamic fundamentalist(1993) group and the world trade center
Timothy McVeigh

23. Costs of Terrorism Loss of life
-20,000 a year are harmed around the world on an annual basis
Psychological cost
Financial cost

24. Strategies for Dealing with Terrorism
Make no concessions
-giving in only produces more terrorism
Prosecute terrorists
Apply economic sanctions
-against nations that sponsor terrorism
Use Military Force
Defend against terrorism

25. Strategies for Dealing with Terrorism
Address the root causes of terrorism
-examine the causes of terrorism and propose solutions

26. Explaining War: Biological Theories
Konrad Lorenz
-resort to violence to protect territory
-instinctual matter of survival
Edward O. Wilson-war results from the innate tendency of aggression and competition

27. Structural-Functional Analysis: The Functions of Conflict
Functions of war
Establishing political boundaries
Uniting a population against a common enemy
Improving the status of minorities

28. Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meanings of Conflict
Meanings that people attach to war and conflict
The use of symbols and meanings to mobilize a population to war
Symbols to define the nature of war and enemy

29. Social-Conflict Analysis: Inequality and Conflict
War is a function of the struggle for power and wealth
-Haves and have nots
War evolves out of conflict or competition between groups or nations

30. Conservatives: The Need for Strength
Strong military
-Increase military spending
Hard line against terrorists-bring them to justice
-military response

31. Liberals: The Need for Justice
Necessary military force and spending to defend national interests
Impact of military spending on the society
Diplomacy

32. Radicals: The Need for Justice
Radicals on the left-root cause of war is inequality
-Change the status of the poor people’s around the world
Move towards social justice around the world