1. Prof. John Nestor ECE Department Lafayette College Easton, Pennsylvania 18042 nestorj@lafayette.edu ECE 313 - Computer Organization Lecture 2 - Technology Trends Fall 2004 Reading: 1.4-1.6 Image Source: Intel Corporation www.intel.com Portions of these slides are derived from: Textbook figures © 1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers all rights reserved Tod Amon's COD2e Slides © 1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers all rights reserved Dave Patterson’s CS 152 Slides - Fall 1997 © UCB Rob Rutenbar’s 18-347 Slides - Fall 1999 CMU other sources as noted

2. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends2 Roadmap for the Term: Major Topics  Computer Systems Overview  Technology Trends   Instruction Sets (and Software)  Logic & Arithmetic  Performance  Processor Implementation  Memory systems  Input/Output

3. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends3 Outline - Technology Trends  Brief History of Computer Technology   Today’s Technology: VLSI CMOS  VLSI Technology Trends

4. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends4 A Brief History of Computer Technology  1940s-50s - Vacuum Tubes  1950s-60s - Discrete Transistors  1960s-70s - Discrete ICs (e.g., TTL)  1970s-present - LSI and VLSI microprocessors

5. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends5 Computer History - 1940s-1960s ENIAC - 1940s (Vacuum Tubes) IBM 360 - 1960s (Transistors)

6. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends6 Computer History - 1970s DEC VAX 11/780 - 1970s (Discrete IC’s) Intel 4004 - 1970s (First Microprocessor)

7. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends7 Computer History - 1970s MOS Technology 6502 Apple II Computer

8. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends8 Computer History - 1980s Intel 8088 (LSI Microprocessor) Original IBM PC

9. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends9 Outline - Technology Trends  Brief History of Computer Technology  Today’s Technology: VLSI   VLSI Technology Trends

10. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends10 Today: VLSI Microprocessors PowerPC 7400 (G4) 6.5M transistors / 450MHz / 8-10W L=0.15µm Pentium® III 28M transistors / 733MHz-1Gz / 13-26W L=0.25µm shrunk to L=0.18µm

11. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends11 Today: VLSI Microprocessors Pentium® 4 42M transistors / 1.3-1.8GHz 49-55W L=180nm Pentium® 4 “Northwood” 55M transistors / 2-2.5GHz 55W L=0.130nm Area=131mm 2 Process Shrinks Pentium® 4 “Prescott” 125M transistors / 2.8-3.4GHz 115W L=90nm Area=112mm 2

12. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends12 Today: VLSI Microprocessors PowerPC® 940 (G5) 58M transistors / 2GHz / 97W L=130nm Area=118mm 2 Image courtesy International Business Machines All Rights Reserved Intel Itanium® 2 410M transistors / 1.3GHz / 130W L=130nm Area=374mm 2 Image source: Intel Corporation www.intel.com

13. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends13 VLSI Technology Overview  Fabrication of multiple transistors on a chip  Dominant technology: CMOS  Other technologies:  Bipolar (e.g., TTL)  Bi-CMOS - hybrid Bipolar, CMOS  GaAs - Gallium Arsenide (for high speed)  Si-Ge - Silicon Germanium (for high speed, RF)

14. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends14 2002: L=130nm 2003: L=90nm 2005: L=65nm? VLSI Technology - CMOS Transistors Transistor length L shrinks over time!

15. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends15 VLSI Technology - CMOS Logic Gates NAND NOR  What logic functions do these gates perform?

16. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends16 VLSI Processing (book Fig 1-14)

17. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends17 VLSI Design Tradeoffs  Cost - related to chip size  Amount of logic  Current technology  Non recurring engineering (NRE) cost vs. unit cost  Performance  Clock speed  Implementation  Application  Power consumption  Power supply voltage  Clock speed

18. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends18 Outline - Technology Trends  Brief History of Computer Technology  Today’s Technology: VLSI  VLSI Technology Trends 

19. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends19 VLSI Trends: Moore’s Law  In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that transistors would continue to shrink, allowing:  Doubled transistor density every 24 months  Doubled performance every 18 months  History has proven Moore right  But, is the end in sight?  Physical limitations  Economic limitations I’m smiling because I was right! BUT… No exponential is forever! Gordon Moore Intel Co-Founder and Chairmain Emeritus Image source: Intel Corporation www.intel.com

20. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends20 Microprocessor Trends (Intel) Source: http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm, EE Times

21. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends21 Microprocessor Trends Alpha (R.I.P) P4N, G5 Sources: Intel Corporation, IBM Corporation, www.geek.com, EE Times I2M

22. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends22 Microprocessor Trends (Log Scale) Alpha (R.I.P) P4N, G5 G4 Sources: Intel Corporation, IBM Corporation, www.geek.com, EE Times I2M

23. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends23 DRAM Memory Trends (Log Scale) Source: Textbook, Industry Reports

24. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends24 Performance Trends Source: Hennesy & Patterson Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 3rd Ed., Morgan-Kaufmann, 2002. Vax 11/780

25. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends25 Summary - Technology Trends  Processor  Logic capacityincreases ~ 30% per year  Clock frequencyincreases ~ 20% per year  Cost per functiondecreases ~20% per year  Memory  DRAM capacity: increases ~ 60% per year (4x every 3 years)  Speed: increases ~ 10% per year  Cost per bit: decreases ~25% per year  Disk  Storage capacityincreases ~60% per year

26. ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends26 Roadmap for the Term: Major Topics  Computer Systems Overview  Technology Trends  Instruction Sets (and Software)   Logic & Arithmetic  Performance  Processor Implementation  Memory systems  Input/Output