1. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 1 MUSCLES Modelling of Unsteady Combustion in Low Emission Systems G4RD-CT-2002-00644 R&T Project within the 5 th Framework Program of the European Union

2. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 2 Time-Dependent Numerical Simulations of the One-Phase as well as the Multi-Phase Flow Fields within an LPP Aero-Engine System

3. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 3 NastComb Code CRFD (Computational Reactive Fluid Dynamics) code, extensively developed at DIMSET, and continuously improved and validated Three-dimensional, turbulent, multi-phase, reactive flows Ensemble-averaged, fully time-dependent (fast- transient tracking) numerical scheme Main features: ALE method, TSDIA/MTS turbulence model, liquid-fuel spray simulation, fully detailed chemistry

4. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 4 NastComb: Spray Modeling Stochastic technique Discrete particles method Collision, break-up, evaporation TAB model –Taylor Analogy Break-up –Liquid droplet deformation

5. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 5 RTKH Model Stability analysis→Dispersion equation→Fastest growing wavelength Kelvin-Helmoltz instabilities Relative velocity Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities Interface acceleration Only KH model with droplets stripping Jet primary breakup RT+KH competition Secondary breakup

6. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 6 A First TAB/RT-KH Comparison Primary jet break-up in stagnant gas Fuelc13h30 Nozzle diameter0.2 mm Fuel injection velocity40 m/s Air Temperature300 K Air pressure2000 kPa Jet Weber number210 Grid Size1*1*1 mm^3 Domain size5 cm radial*15 cm axial Simulation time3.5 ms No evaporation No collision

7. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 7 TAB Model - RTKH Model Compared RTKH model TAB model

8. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 8 TAB Model - RTKH Model Compared TAB Model SMR= 43 micron Droplet N°= 6000 RTKH model SMR= 25 micron Droplet N°= 20000

9. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 9 TAB Model - RTKH Model Compared

10. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 10 Ultra Low NOx “LRPM” Technology Objective: to pursue NastComb calibration/validation in reactive conditions Ultra-lean, fully-premixed combustion process with liquid fuels Reduction of temperature levels (and gradients) to the advantage of Nox limitation High flame-stability characteristics Combustion chamber Premixer Air inlet

11. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 11 SCL/LRPM Test Rig also: propane, gas-oil and jet-A Distillate #2Liquid fuel type Fully verified in several test campaigns 10 - 15 ppmNOx level max, pc-controlled 110 kWElectrical preheating power nominal, sustainable up to 1.3 bar 1.15 barCombustor pressure nominal, ultra-lean, controllable 0.42Equivalence ratio max, from fuel injection200 kWThermo-chemical power max, pc-controlled350 °CBurner-inlet air temperature nominal, pc-controlled500 kg/hAir flow rate

12. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 12 Preheated Two-Phase Flow Simulation Operative conditions adopted Air flow rate315.2Nm 3 /h Air inlet temperature333°C Inlet pressure1.10 * 10 5 Pa Fuel TypeJet-A Nozzle diameter0.3mm Fuel flow rate0.182l/min Fuel inlet temperature100°C Equivalence ratio0.40 Preheating power85000kW

13. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 13 Numerical Mesh

14. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 14 TAB/RT-KH Comparison TAB model RTKH model

15. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 15 TAB/RT-KH Comparison TAB model RTKH model After RT effect

16. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 16 Reactive Predictions (LRPM Burner)

17. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy 17 Spray Models and Implementation NastComb solver is now provided with the RTKH model as a new option for improved predictions (unreactive and reactive) Taking advantage of the very recent experimental data referred to the enlarged-scale Avio LPP model-rig, a unique opportunity has become available in order to pursue detailed calibration and validation for both one-phase as well multi- phase pre-heated flows in real-application conditions. With above validations, NastComb solver has attained a quite interesting, reliable, application potential

18. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy Time Dependent Prediction of the One-Phase Flow-Field Within an LPP Aero-Engine System Flow-Field Within an LPP Aero-Engine System MUSCLES Mid-Term Meeting, September 21st-22nd, 2004 Karlsruhe

19. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy LPP System Computational Conditions Computational Grid Grid type:Structured-Multiblock N° of total Blocks:from 203 to 451 Geometry:Fully 3D° N° of total cells:from 994000 to 2450000 Boundary Conditions Mass Flow : 0.4 kg/s Static Temperature Inlet: 298 K Static Pressure Outlet : 101680 Pa Experimental Test Rig Zmax = 750 mm - Xmax = 250 mm - Ymax = 250 mm

20. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy Computational Results and Validation Z= +30 mm Meridian Plane Mesh Size : 994 000 Time Dependent Numerical Results Traversing Z= +30 mm Mesh Size : 2 450 000 CaCrCt Meridian Plane Meridian & Cross Section Planes Mesh Size : 2 450 000

21. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy Computational Power LINUX CLUSTER “APOLLO” Cpu’s : 12 Athlon™ MP 2.0 GHz Ram : Master 2 Gb DDR 266 Slaves 1 Gb DDR 266 Storage Capacity : 480 Gb Network : 3COM ™ Gigabit

22. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy ANNEX 4 Time Dependent Prediction of the Multi-Phase Flow-Field Within an LPP Aero-Engine System Flow-Field Within an LPP Aero-Engine System MUSCLES Mid-Term Meeting, September 21st-22th, 2004 Karlsruhe

23. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy LPP System: Two Phase Flow Computational Conditions Numerical Grid Grid type:Structured-Multiblock N° of total Blocks:from 203 to 451 Geometry:Fully 3D° N° of total cells:from 994000 to 2450000 Zmax = 750 mm - Xmax = 250 mm - Ymax = 250 mm Boundary Conditions: AIR Total Pressure Inlet: 103520 Pa Total Temperature Inlet : 451 K Static Pressure Outlet : 101300 Pa Air Mass Flow Inlet: 0.46 Kg/s Boundary Conditions: FUEL Fuel : Ethyl Alcohol (liquid) Fuel Mass Flow Inlet : 0.0035 Kg/s Total Temperature Inlet : 293 K Droplets Diameters: 40  Cone Angle : 50° Droplets Velocity : 50 m/s

24. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy LPP System : Two-Phase Flow Computational Results Z= +100 mm Meridian Plane Mesh Size : 994 000 Time Dependent Numerical Results Meridian Plane Cross Section Plane Mesh Size : 2 450 000 Locations of measuring traverses

25. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy Droplets Trajectories in Cross Section Plane (Z= +100mm) (colour is local velocity level)

26. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy LPP System: Droplets Trajectories in Meridian Plane (colour is local velocity level)

27. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy Unsteady Droplets’ Trajectories (notice the repeated wall-rebounds, in premixer and in discharge chamber) (notice the repeated wall-rebounds, in premixer and in discharge chamber)

28. Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy Azymuthally-Averaged Radial Distributions of the Droplets’ Diameters: Numerical-Experimental Cross Comparisons Locations of measuring traverses