1. 1 Participation and funding in higher education: international aspects Gerald Burke Monash Education Research Community (MERC) Global Education Systems Day, Faculty of Education Monash University 11 May 2010 gerald.burke@education.monash.edu.au 1

2. Focus 1.Proportion of population participating 2.Public and private funding 3.Key issues --- illustrated by Australian reforms Some key references or sources OECD 2009, Education Today, Chapter 4 Higher Education Review of Australian Higher Education, 2008 (called the Bradley Report) UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre 2

3. Population 2009 3

4. GDP per head Intl $, 2009 (IMF data) 4

5. 5 Tertiary participation 2007 (UNESCO data) Gross enrolment ratio * Gross enrolment ratio Male Gross enrolment ratio Female Females as percentage of total Republic of Korea961147738 Finland948410454 United States82689657 New Zealand79649559 Australia75668455 Sweden75589160 Netherlands60576351 United Kingdom59496957 Hong Kong (China), SAR34 3550 China22 48 Indonesia18 50 India13161139 Bangladesh79535 Pakistan56545 Kenya... Malaysia... Vietnam... 49 Iraq... Saudi Arabia... *Enrolment of all ages as % of most relevant population 5 year age group

6. Tertiary participation rates 2007 6

7. 7 Inbound mobility rate ** Outbound mobility ratio % *** Gross outbound enrolment ratio **** Students from a given country studying abroad '000 Australia2011 10 United Kingdom1511 24 New Zealand1421 4 Netherlands521 10 Sweden542 14 Hong Kong (China), SAR4207 33 Finland322 6 United States3-- 50 Republic of Korea133 106 India...1- 153 Indonesia...1- 30 Iraq... - 5 Kenya...11- 13 Malaysia... 2 45 Pakistan...3- 25 Saudi Arabia... 1 17 Bangladesh-1- 15 China-2- 421 Vietnam-... 28 **Incoming as % of tertiary enrolment in the country ***% tertiary enrolments in country ****% tertiary aged population in own country International students 2007

8. 8 Expenditure educational institutions % of GDP, All sources, ALL LEVELS Expenditure educational institutions % of GDP Public sources, ALL LEVELS Expenditure educational institutions % of GDP Private sources ALL LEVELS Expenditure educational institutions % of GDP All sources TERTIARY Expenditure educational institutions % of GDP, Public sources TERTIARY Expenditure educational institutions % of GDP, Private sources TERTIARY United States 7.75.22.53.01.02.0 New Zealand 6.75.21.41.50.90.6 Australia 6.44.61.8 0.91.0 Sweden 6.36.10.21.61.40.2 United Kingdom 6.14.51.51.30.80.5 Netherlands 5.74.70.91.51.10.4 Kenya...7.0... 1.1... South Africa...5.3... 0.6... Republic of Korea...4.02.8...0.51.8 Hong Kong SAR...3.6... 1.1... Bangladesh...2.3... 0.3... India...3.2... 0.6... Pakistan...2.6... Education expenditure 2006 (UNESCO data)

9. Australia: key issues Australia domestic enrolments growing relatively slowly to 2008 Concern re course quality and student experience Real funds per student and staff-student ratios declining International education, funds and effects Private funding/fees high compared with OECD countries* Importance of more graduates –for skilled workforce and –to support a civil and just society Research funds deemed insufficient Participation of less advantaged too low Possible shortage of academics 9

10. Enrolments in higher education Australia ( DEEWR data) 10

11. International students Australia 2005 to 2009 (AEI data) 11

12. Indigenous and non-Indigenous participation by age group* 12

13. Higher education revenues Australia 2008 total $18,400 million (DEEWR) 13

14. Fees for domestic students Australia 2010 14

15. Commonwealth support per EFTSL by funding cluster 2010 Law, accounting, administration, economics, commerce$1,765 Humanities $4,901 Mathematics, statistics, behavioural science, social studies, computing, built environment, other health $8,670 Education Clinical psychology, allied health, foreign languages, visual and performing arts $9,020 $10,662 Nursing $11,903 Engineering, science, surveying $15,156 Dentistry, medicine, veterinary science, agriculture $19,235 15

16. 1. Expanding the system Review of Australian Higher Education 2008 called the Bradley Report, after the Chair, Denise Bradley www.deewr.gov.au/highereducation/review/pages/reviewofaustralianhighereducationreport. aspx www.deewr.gov.au/highereducation/review/pages/reviewofaustralianhighereducationreport. aspx  entitlement funding from the Commonwealth government to enhance workforce skills and create opportunities Government to support entry/choice by all eligible domestic students May seek to influence distribution across fields of study  targets for participation and completion 40% of 25-34 year olds to have degree by 2020 or 2025 – from 30%  additional funds including huge infrastructure funding 16

17. 2. Assistance for disadvantaged groups –Target - lift from 16% to 20% of lowest quarter of SES –Extra funds for enrolling low social background students –Better links to TAFE and schools –Reforms to student assistance to low income students Youth Allowance, Austudy and Abstudy –Income contingent loans HECS-HELP, FEE-HELP repayable when income exceeds $45,000 2010-11 17

18. 3. Quality and quality assurance –New national regulator Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) for registration and audit of providers of tertiary education –Some public funding to be ‘Performance Based’ –More information published (e.g. course experience) to improve choice and reveal poor performance –Stop decline in funding per student –Improve supply of staff: more research degree completions, less casualisation, improved conditions –Improve Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) 18

19. 19 Changes affecting international students Reform of the ESOS Act included in national regulation reform Tightening of rules for registration, increased public information on performance of providers of training, possible moderation of assessment Changes in immigration rules, Skilled Occupations List (SOL), points for Australian qualifications Proposals for research scholarships, more English support, workforce orientation