1. History of GIS

2. Base Maps  1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system

3. Use of Overlays  Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements  Mid-19 th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2 nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map  Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements  Mid-19 th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2 nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map

4. Dot Maps  1855 – use of dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic in England

5. The Five Phases of Development  The Research Frontier  Experimentation and Practice  Commercial Phase  User-Dominance  Web-Based Internet GI-Science  The Research Frontier  Experimentation and Practice  Commercial Phase  User-Dominance  Web-Based Internet GI-Science

6. The Research Frontier Late 1950’s to Mid 1970’s  Individual Led Development  1958 - NASA - Data Availability  1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory  1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space  Lack of Computing Resources  1960’s - Early computer mapping packages  Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORM  Isoline Maps  1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRI  Arc Info  Individual Led Development  1958 - NASA - Data Availability  1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory  1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space  Lack of Computing Resources  1960’s - Early computer mapping packages  Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORM  Isoline Maps  1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRI  Arc Info

7. Experimentation and Practice Mid 1970’ s to Early 1980’s  National Agencies Driving Development  Government Funded Research  NOAA Established  NASA  Huge Data Increase  SPOT, LandSat  Role of the Individual Diminished  National Agencies Driving Development  Government Funded Research  NOAA Established  NASA  Huge Data Increase  SPOT, LandSat  Role of the Individual Diminished

8. Commercial Phase Mid 1980’s  Corporate Software available  Competition  PC’s becoming popular  Individual market opening up  Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data sets  Minimal sharing of data  GPS becomes fully operational  Corporate Software available  Competition  PC’s becoming popular  Individual market opening up  Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data sets  Minimal sharing of data  GPS becomes fully operational

9. User Dominance 1990’s  Strong competition among software vendors  Databases began to become distributed  Internet becomes operational  Network accessibility more common  Development of Standards  Quality control  Data tracking (Metadata)  Strong competition among software vendors  Databases began to become distributed  Internet becomes operational  Network accessibility more common  Development of Standards  Quality control  Data tracking (Metadata)

10. Web-Based Internet GI Services Shift Late 1990’s - Present  Distributed and Interoperational Architecture  Data resides and is distributed over a network  Limitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity)  Standardized Data  Data is not platform or program dependent  Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map National Map  Distributed and Interoperational Architecture  Data resides and is distributed over a network  Limitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity)  Standardized Data  Data is not platform or program dependent  Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map National Map