1. Information Ecologies: The A, B, Cs Dr. John V. Richardson Jr. Professor of Information Studies UCLA

2. Presentation Outline Historical Development Historical Development S.S. Green S.S. Green Douglas Waples Douglas Waples The Role of Models: The Role of Models: Affective (especially mood) Affective (especially mood) Behavioral (Watson) Behavioral (Watson) Cognitive Cognitive

3. Green’s 1876 Vision “Now, the policy advocated of freedom of intercourse between librarian and readers, when adopted in the conduct of these departments, does much to give efficiency to the efforts of the officers to get readers to take out wholesome books and such works as are adapted to their capacity and the grade of enlightenment to which they belong. It is a common practice, as we all know, for users of a library to ask the librarian or his assistants to select stories for them. I would have great use made of this disposition. Place in the circulating department one of the most accomplished persons in the corps of your assistants--some cultivated woman, for instance, who heartily enjoys works of the imagination, but whose taste is educated. She must be a person of pleasant manners, and -while of proper dignity, ready to unbend, and of social disposition. It is well if there is a vein of philanthropy in her composition. Instruct this assistant to consult with every person who asks for help in selecting books. This should not be her whole work; for work of this kind is best done when it has the appearance of being performed incidentally. Let the assistant, then, have some regular work, but such employment as she can at once lay aside when her aid is asked for in picking out books to read. I am confident that in some such way as this a great influence can be exerted in the direction of causing good books to be used. “Now, the policy advocated of freedom of intercourse between librarian and readers, when adopted in the conduct of these departments, does much to give efficiency to the efforts of the officers to get readers to take out wholesome books and such works as are adapted to their capacity and the grade of enlightenment to which they belong. It is a common practice, as we all know, for users of a library to ask the librarian or his assistants to select stories for them. I would have great use made of this disposition. Place in the circulating department one of the most accomplished persons in the corps of your assistants--some cultivated woman, for instance, who heartily enjoys works of the imagination, but whose taste is educated. She must be a person of pleasant manners, and -while of proper dignity, ready to unbend, and of social disposition. It is well if there is a vein of philanthropy in her composition. Instruct this assistant to consult with every person who asks for help in selecting books. This should not be her whole work; for work of this kind is best done when it has the appearance of being performed incidentally. Let the assistant, then, have some regular work, but such employment as she can at once lay aside when her aid is asked for in picking out books to read. I am confident that in some such way as this a great influence can be exerted in the direction of causing good books to be used. The person placed in charge of this work must have tact, and be careful not to attempt too much. If an applicant would cease to consult her unless she gives him a sensational novel, I would have her give him such a book. Only let her aim at providing every person who applies for aid with the best book he is willing to read.” (bold emphasis added) The person placed in charge of this work must have tact, and be careful not to attempt too much. If an applicant would cease to consult her unless she gives him a sensational novel, I would have her give him such a book. Only let her aim at providing every person who applies for aid with the best book he is willing to read.” (bold emphasis added)

4. Douglas Waples, 1893-1978 Professor at the Chicago GLS Professor at the Chicago GLS Educational psychology background and interest in reading behavior: Educational psychology background and interest in reading behavior: What People Want to Read About, with Ralph W. Tyler (1931) What People Want to Read About, with Ralph W. Tyler (1931) “The relation of Subject Interests to Actual Reading,” Library Quarterly 2 (1932) “The relation of Subject Interests to Actual Reading,” Library Quarterly 2 (1932) Libraries and Readings in the State of New York, with Leon Carnovsky Libraries and Readings in the State of New York, with Leon Carnovsky What Reading Does to People, with Bernard Berelson and Franklyn R. Bradshaw What Reading Does to People, with Bernard Berelson and Franklyn R. Bradshaw

5. Reading as Non-Goal Oriented The role played by affective: The role played by affective: Role of pleasure reading in generating feelings Role of pleasure reading in generating feelings Importance of mood Importance of mood Entertainment or “incidental information” Entertainment or “incidental information” Work of Catherine Ross (1999) Work of Catherine Ross (1999) “Emotional support in providing confirmation, reassurance, courage or self-acceptance” “Emotional support in providing confirmation, reassurance, courage or self-acceptance” Work of Jessica Moyer (2004) Work of Jessica Moyer (2004) Recreational and educational outcomes Recreational and educational outcomes

6. Role of Mood Six dimensions (Ross, 1999; Ross and Chelton, 2001): Six dimensions (Ross, 1999; Ross and Chelton, 2001): Familiarity versus novelty Familiarity versus novelty Safety versus risk Safety versus risk Easy versus challenging Easy versus challenging Upbeat and positive versus hard-hitting/ironical/cynical Upbeat and positive versus hard-hitting/ironical/cynical Reassuring versus stimulating/frightening/amazing Reassuring versus stimulating/frightening/amazing Confirming of beliefs and values versus challenging them Confirming of beliefs and values versus challenging them

7. Can You See It? The Behavioral School: The Behavioral School: Borrows heavily from psychology, especially Watson Borrows heavily from psychology, especially Watson In information studies, characterization of IS as a rational, information problem driven In information studies, characterization of IS as a rational, information problem driven Importance of “mechanistic precision and quantitative formulation;” notably, statistical measurement Importance of “mechanistic precision and quantitative formulation;” notably, statistical measurement Work of Kuhlthau (1983 to present) Work of Kuhlthau (1983 to present)

8. Cognitive School Role of the mind Role of the mind Mental constructs Mental constructs Importance of thinking aloud Importance of thinking aloud Work of R.S. Taylor (filters) Work of R.S. Taylor (filters) “Tell me about a book you recently enjoyed” “Tell me about a book you recently enjoyed”

9. NoveList/EBSCO Http://www.epnet.com Http://www.epnet.com Http://www.epnet.com “Search Our Database” “Search Our Database” “Describe a Plot” “Describe a Plot”

10. Resources Genreflecting by Betty Rosenberg @ UCLA Genreflecting by Betty Rosenberg @ UCLA New York Public Library Guide to Reading Groups New York Public Library Guide to Reading Groups What to Read: The Essential Guide for Reading Group Members and Other Book Lovers What to Read: The Essential Guide for Reading Group Members and Other Book Lovers