1. Machine Replacement or Retention Pertemuan 21 s.d 22 Matakuliah: D 0094 Ekonomi Teknik Tahun: 2007

2. Bina Nusantara Replacement Decisions Replacement Analysis Fundamentals Economic Service Life Replacement Analysis When Required Service is Long Replacement Analysis with Tax Consideration

3. Bina Nusantara Replacement Terminology Sunk cost: any past cost unaffected by any future decisions Trade-in allowance: value offered by the vendor to reduce the price of a new equipment Defender: an old machine Challenger: new machine Current market value: selling price of the defender in the market place

4. Bina Nusantara Sunk Cost associated with an Asset’s Disposal $0 $5000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 Original investment $10,000$5000 Market value $10,000 Lost investment (economic depreciation) Repair cost $20,000 Sunk costs = $15,000

5. Bina Nusantara Replacement Decisions Cash Flow Approach –Treat the proceeds from sale of the old machine as down payment toward purchasing the new machine. Opportunity Cost Approach –Treat the proceeds from sale of the old machine as the investment required to keep the old machine.

6. Bina Nusantara Replacement Analysis – Cash Flow Approach 01230123 01230123 $8000 $2500 $15,000 $6000 $5500 (a) Defender (b) Challenger $10,000 Sales proceeds from defender

7. Bina Nusantara Annual Equivalent Cost - Cash Flow Approach Defender: PW(12%) D = $2,500 (P/F, 12%, 3) - $8,000 (P/A, 12%, 3) = - $17,434.90 AE(12%) D = PW(12%) D (A/P, 12%, 3) = -$7,259.10 Challenger: PW(12%) C = $5,500 (P/F, 12%, 3) - $5,000 - $6,000 (P/A, 12%, 3) = -$15,495.90 AE(12%) C = PW(12%) C (A/P, 12%, 3) = -$6,451.79 Replace the defender now!

8. Bina Nusantara Opportunity Cost Approach 01230123 01230123 $8000 $2500 $15,000 $6000 $5500Defender Challenger $10,000 Proceeds from sale viewed as an opportunity cost of keeping the asset

9. Bina Nusantara Defender: PW(12%) D = -$10,000 - $8,000(P/A, 12%, 3) + $2,500(P/F, 12%, 3) = -$27,434.90 AE(12%) D = PW(12%) D (A/P, 12%, 3) = -$11,422.64 Challenger: PW(12%) C = -$15,000 - $6,000(P/A, 12%, 3) + $5,500(P/F, 12%, 3) = -$25,495.90 AE(12%) C = PW(12%) C (A/P, 12%, 3) = -$10,615.33 Opportunity Cost Approach Replace the defender now!

10. Bina Nusantara Economic Service Life Def:Economic service life is the useful life of a defender, or a challenger, that results in the minimum equivalent annual cost Why do we need it?: We should use the respective economic service lives of the defender and the challenger when conducting a replacement analysis. Ownership (Capital) cost Operating cost + Minimize

11. Bina Nusantara Capital Cost: Operating Cost: Total Cost: Objective: Find n* that minimizes AEC Mathematical Relationship CR(i) OC(i) AEC n*n*

12. Bina Nusantara Economic Service Life for a Lift Truck

13. Bina Nusantara Economic Service Life Calculation (Example 15.4) N = 1 AEC 1 = $18,000(A/P, 15%, 1) + $1,000 - $10,000 = $11,700

14. Bina Nusantara N = 2 AEC 2 = [$18,000 + $1,000(P/A, 15%, 2)](A/P, 15%, 2) - $7,500 (A/F, 15%, 2) = $8,653

15. Bina Nusantara N = 3, AEC 3 = $7,406 N = 4, AEC 4 = $6,678 N = 5, AEC 5 = $6,642 N = 6, AEC 6 = $6,258 N = 7, AEC 7 = $6,394 Minimum cost Economic Service Life

16. Bina Nusantara Required Assumptions and Decision Frameworks Planning horizon (study period) Technology Relevant cash flow information Decision Frameworks

17. Bina Nusantara Replacement Strategies under the Infinite Planning Horizon Replace the defender now: The cash flows of the challenger will be used from today and will be repeated because an identical challenger will be used if replacement becomes necessary again in the future. This stream of cash flows is equivalent to a cash flow of AE C* each year for an infinite number of years. Replace the defender, say, x years later: The cash flows of the defender will be used in the first x years. Starting in year x+1,the cash flows of the challenger will be used indefinitely.

18. Bina Nusantara Example 15.5 Defender: Find the remaining useful (economic) service life.

19. Bina Nusantara Challenger: find the economic service life. N = 1 year: AE(15%) = $7,500 N = 2 years: AE(15%) = $6,151 N = 3 years: AE(15%) = $5,847 N = 4 years: AE(15%) = $5,826 N = 5 years: AE(15%) = $5,897 N C* =4 years AE C* =$5,826

20. Bina Nusantara Replacement Decisions Should replace the defender now? No, because AE D < AE C If not, when is the best time to replace the defender? Need to conduct marginal analysis. N C* =4 years AE C* =$5,826

21. Bina Nusantara Marginal Analysis Question: What is the additional (incremental) cost for keeping the defender one more year from the end of its economic service life, from Year 2 to Year 3? Financial Data: Opportunity cost at the end of year 2: Equal to the market value of $3,000 Operating cost for the 3 rd year: $5,000 Salvage value of the defender at the end of year 3: $2,000

22. Bina Nusantara 2 3 $3000 $2000 $5000 Step 1: Calculate the equivalent cost of retaining the defender one more from the end of its economic service life, say 2 to 3. $3,000(F/P,15%,1) + $5,000 - $2,000 = $6,450 Step 2: Compare this cost with AE C = $5,826 of the challenger. Conclusion: Since keeping the defender for the 3 rd year is more expensive than replacing it with the challenger, DO NOT keep the defender beyond its economic service life. $6,450 23

23. Bina Nusantara Replacement Analysis under the Finite Planning Horizon Annual Equivalent Cost ($) NDefenderChallenger 15,1307,500 25,1166,151 35,5005,857 45,9615,826 56,4345,897 Some likely replacement patterns under a finite planning horizon of 8 years

24. Bina Nusantara Example 15.6 Replacement Analysis under the Finite Planning Horizon (PW Approach) Option 1:(j 0, 0), (j, 4), (j, 4) PW(15%) 1 =$5,826(P/A, 15%, 8) =$26,143 Option 2:(j 0, 1), (j, 4), (j, 3) PW(15%) 2 =$5,130(P/F, 15%, 1) +$5,826(P/A, 15%, 4)(P/F, 15%, 1) +$5,857(P/A, 15%, 3)(P/F, 15%, 5) =$25,573

25. Bina Nusantara Option 3(j 0, 2), (j, 4), (j, 2) PW(15%) 3 =$5,116(P/A, 15%, 4)(P/F, 15%, 2) +$5,826(P/A, 15%, 4)(P/F, 15%, 2) +$6,151(P/A, 15%, 2)(P/F, 15%, 6) = $25,217minimum cost Option 4 (j 0, 3), (j, 5) PW(15%) 4 = $5,500(P/A, 15%, 3) +$5,897(P/A, 15%, 5)(P/F, 15%, 3) =$25,555 Example 15.6 continued

26. Bina Nusantara Example 15.6 continued Option 5:(j 0, 3), (j, 4), (j, 1) PW(15%) 5 = $5,500(P/A, 15%, 3) + $5,826(P/A, 15%, 4)(P/F, 15%, 3) + $7,500(P/F, 15%, 8) = $25,946 Option 6: (j 0, 4), (j, 4) PW(15%) 6 = $5,826(P/A, 15%, 4)(P/F, 15%, 4) + $5,826(P/A, 15%, 4)(P/F, 15%, 4) = $26,529

27. (j 0, 0), (j, 4), (j, 4), (j 0, 1), (j, 4), (j, 3), (j 0, 2), (j, 4), (j, 2), (j 0, 3), (j, 5), (j 0, 3), (j, 4), (j, 1), (j 0, 4), (j, 4), Option 1 Option2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Years in service Planning horizon = 8 years

28. Bina Nusantara Replacement Analysis with Tax Consideration Whenever possible, replacement decisions should be based on the cash flows after taxes. (Example 15.8) When computing the net proceeds from sale of the old asset, any gains or losses must be identified to determine the correct amount of the opportunity cost. (Example 15.7) All basic replacement decision rules including the way of computing economic service life remain unchanged. (Example 15.10)

29. $0 $4000 $8000 $12,000 $16,000 $20,000 $10,000 $14,693 $20,000 $4693 Depreciation basis Book value Total depreciation $5307 Market value Loss tax credit Book loss Net proceeds from disposal ($11,877)

30. Bina Nusantara Summary In replacement analysis, the defender is an existing asset; the challenger is the best available replacement candidate. The current market value is the value to use in preparing a defender’s economic analysis. Sunk costs—past costs that cannot be changed by any future investment decision—should not be considered in a defender’s economic analysis.

31. Bina Nusantara Two basic approaches to analyzing replacement problems are the cash flow approach and the opportunity cost approach. –The cash flow approach explicitly considers the actual cash flow consequences for each replacement alternative as they occur. –The opportunity cost approach views the net proceeds from sale of the defender as an opportunity cost of keeping the defender.

32. Bina Nusantara Economic service life is the remaining useful life of a defender, or a challenger, that results in the minimum equivalent annual cost or maximum annual equivalent revenue. We should use the respective economic service lives of the defender and the challenger when conducting a replacement analysis. Ultimately, in replacement analysis, the question is not whether to replace the defender, but when to do so. The AE method provides a marginal basis on which to make a year-by-year decision about the best time to replace the defender. As a general decision criterion, the PW method provides a more direct solution to a variety of replacement problems, with either an infinite or a finite planning horizon, or a technological change in a future challenger.

33. Bina Nusantara The role of technological change in asset improvement should be weighed in making long-term replacement plans Whenever possible, all replacement decisions should be based on the cash flows after taxes.