1. BIOELECTRICITY AND EXCITABLE TISSUE THE ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRICITY AND HOW NERVES WORK D. C. Mikulecky Department of Physiology and Faculty Mentoring Program

2. THE RESTING CELL zHIGH POTASSIUM zLOW SODIUM zNA/K ATPASE PUMP zRESTING POTENTIAL ABOUT 90 - 120 MV zOSMOTICALLY BALANCED (CONSTANT VOLUME)

4. BIOELECTRICITY THE ORIGIN OF THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

5. MOBILITY OF IONS DEPENDS ON HYDRATED SIZE zIONS WITH SMALLER CRYSTAL RADIUS HAVE A HIGHER CHARGE DENSITY zTHE HIGHER CHARGE DENSITY ATTRACTS MORE WATER OF HYDRATION zTHUS THE SMALLER THE CRYSTAL RADIUS, THE LOWER THE MOBILITY IN WATER

6. IONS MOVE WITH THEIR HYDRATION SHELLS - + Hydration Shells - +

7. ELECTRONEUTRAL DIFFUSSION HIGH SALT CONCEMTRATION LOW SALT CONCEMTRATION + - BARRIER SEPARATES THE TWO SOLUTIONS + - + - + - + - + - + - + -

8. ELECTRONEUTRAL DIFFUSSION HIGH SALT CONCEMTRATION LOW SALT CONCEMTRATION + - BARRIER REMOVED + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - CHARGE SEPARATION = ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

9. ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL=CHARGE SEPARATION In water, without a membrane hydrated Chloride is smaller than hydrated Sodium, therefore faster: Cl - Na + The resulting separation of charge is called an ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL + -

10. THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL MEMBRANEMEMBRANE Extracellular Fluid Intracellular Fluid Na + K+K+ Sodium channel is less open causing sodium to be slower Potassium channel is more open causing potassium to be faster + - MEMRANE POTENTIAL (ABOUT 90 -120 mv)

11. THE ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRICITY zPOTASSIUM CHANNELS ALLOW HIGH MOBILITY zSODIUM CHANNELS LESS OPEN zCHARGE SEPARATION OCCURS UNTIL BOTH MOVE AT SAME SPEED zSTEADY STEADY IS ACHIEVED WITH A CONSTANT MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

12. THE RESTING CELL zHIGH POTASSIUM zLOW SODIUM zNA/K ATPASE PUMP zRESTING POTENTIAL ABOUT 90 - 120 MV zOSMOTICALLY BALANCED (CONSTANT VOLUME)

14. ACTIVE TRANSPORT ADP ATP

15. ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES AN INPUT OF ENERGY zUSUALLY IN THE FORM OF ATP zATPase IS INVOLVED zSOME ASYMMETRY IS NECESSARY zCAN PUMP UPHILL

16. EXCITABLE TISSUES zNERVE AND MUSCLE zVOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS zDEPOLARIZATION LESS THAN THRESHOLD IS GRADED zDEPOLARIZATION BEYOND THRESHOLD LEADS TO ACTION POTENTIAL zACTION POTENTIAL IS ALL OR NONE

17. THE NERVE CELL CELL BODY DENDRITES AXON HILLOCK AXON TERMINALS

18. EXCITABLE TISSUES:THE ACTION POTENTIAL zTHE MEMBRANE USES VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS TO SWITCH FROM A POTASSIUM DOMINATED TO A SODIUM DOMINATED POTENTIAL zIT THEN INACTIVATES AND RETURNS TO THE RESTING STATE zTHE RESPONSE IS “ALL OR NONE”

19. FOR EACH CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE THERE IS AN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE WHICH WILL PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM. AT EQUILIBRIUM NO NET ION FLOW OCCURS EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIALS FOR IONS

20. THE EQUILIBRIUM MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR POTASSIUM IS -90 mV + - CONCENTRATION POTENTIAL K+K+ K+K+ IN

21. THE EQUILIBRIUM MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR SODIUM IS + 60 mV Na + + - CONCENTRATION POTENTIAL IN OUT

22. THE RESTING POTENTIAL IS NEAR THE POTASSIUM EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL zAT REST THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS ARE MORE OPEN AND THE POTASSIUM IONS MAKE THE INSIDE OF THE CELL NEGATIVE zTHE SODIUM CHANNELS ARE MORE CLOSED AND THE SODIUM MOVES SLOWER

23. EVENTS DURING EXCITATION zDEPOLARIZATION EXCEEDS THRESHOLD zSODIUM CHANNELS OPEN zMEMBRANE POTENTIAL SHIFTS FROM POTASSIUM CONTROLLED (-90 MV) TO SODIUM CONTROLLED (+60 MV) zAS MEMBRANE POTENTIAL REACHES THE SODIUM POTENTIAL, THE SODIUM CHANNELS CLOSE AND ARE INACTIVATED zPOTASSIUM CHANNELS OPEN TO REPOLARIZE THE MEMBRANE

24. OPENING THE SODIUM CHANNELS ALLOWS SODIUM TO RUSH IN zTHE MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZES AND THEN THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL APPROACHES THE SODIUM EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL zTHIS RADICAL CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CAUSES THE SODIUM CHANNELS TO CLOSE (INACTIVATION) AND THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS TO OPEN REPOLARIZING THE MEMBRANE zTHERE IS A SLIGHT OVERSHOOT (HYPERPOLARIZATION) DUE TO THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS BEING MORE OPEN

25. GRADED VS ALL OR NONE zA RECEPTOR’S RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED zIF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE

28. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL +++++ -------- --------------------- +++++++++++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT

29. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL +++++ -------- --------------------- +++++++++++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT

30. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL --+++ ++------ +++------------------ ---++++++++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT

31. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL -------- +++++ ++++++------- -----------++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT

32. SALTATORY CONDUCTION +++++ -------- +++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT MYELIN NODE OF RANVIER NODE OF RANVIER

33. NORMALLY A NERVE IS EXCITED BY A SYNAPSE OR BY A RECEPTOR zMANY NERVES SYNAPSE ON ANY GIVEN NERVE zRECEPTORS HAVE GENERATOR POTENTIALS WHICH ARE GRADED zIN EITHER CASE WHEN THE NERVE IS DEPOLARIZED BEYOND THRESHOLD IT FIRE AN ALL-OR-NONE ACTION POTENTIAL AT THE FIRST NODE OF RANVIER

35. THE SYNAPSE zJUNCTION BETWEEN TWO NEURONS zCHEMICAL TRANSMITTER zMAY BE 100,000 ON A SINGLE CNS NEURON zSPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SUMMATION zCAN BE EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY

36. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

37. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

38. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

39. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

40. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

41. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

42. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

43. POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS RESTING POTENTIAL IPSP EPSP TIME

44. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME TOO FAR APART IN TIME: NO SUMMATION

45. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME CLOSER IN TIME: SUMMATION BUT BELOW THRESHOLD THRESHOLD

46. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME STILL CLOSER IN TIME: ABOVE THRESHOLD

47. SPATIAL SUMMATION TIME SIMULTANEOUS INPUT FROM TWO SYNAPSES: ABOVE THRESHOLD

48. EPSP-IPSP CANCELLATION

49. NEURO TRANSMITTERS zACETYL CHOLINE zDOPAMINE zNOREPINEPHRINE zEPINEPHRINE zSEROTONIN z HISTAMINE z GLYCINE z GLUTAMINE z GAMMA- AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)