1. Neurobiology of Disease
NBio 146
Neurobiology of Disease
Localization:
Neuroanatomy Review

2. Planes of Section Anatomical Terms Anterior/Posterior
Superior/Inferior
Lateral/Medial
Dorsal/Ventral
Rostral/Caudal

3. Anatomical Planes of Section in the Brain
Horizontal, axial/ transverse/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal

11. Central Visual Pathways

12. Central Visual Pathways1. 2.
Bitemporal
hemianopia 3.
Homonymous
hemianopia 4.
quadrantanopia 5. 6.
Macular sparing

13. Motor Pathways

15. Internal Capsule Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers
arise from primary motor cortex.
Corticobulbar axons terminate in the
brainstem.
85% of corticospinal axons decussate
in the lower medulla.
15% form the anterior corticospinal
tract.
Internal capsule has anterior limb,
posterior limb and genu.

20. Upper MN Lower MN Atrophy? Minimal Marked Spasticity? Yes No Reflexes
Individual muscles?
No, groups
Yes, sometimes
Atrophy?
Minimal
Marked
Spasticity?
Yes No
Reflexes
Hyper-
Hypo-
Babinski?
Fasiculation?
Nerve Conduction
Normal
Slow
Tone
increased
decreased

21. Plantar Response
Scrape object on sole of foot.
Babinski sign indicative of UMN lesion.
Normal in infants up to 1 yr.

22. General Organization of the Motor Systems

24. Neurological Differential Diagnosis 2

25. Computerized Tomography (CT)

26. As in conventional X-rays, bone and other calcified structures
are dense and appear white in CT scans. Less dense materials
such as air appear black. Clear fluid such as CSF is black or dark gray.
Isodense = intermediate density similar to brain tissue
Hyperdense = increased tissue density = much lighter than brain tissue in CT
Hypodense = decreased tissue density = much darker than brain tissue in CT
Adipose tissue is hypodense bcz fat is less dense than water.
Muscle has similar density to brain tissue.
White matter is slightly darker (less dense) than gray matter due to the lipid
content of myelin.

27. MRI Function

28. Comparison of CT and MRI Images
Basic MRI image shows greater anatomical detail

29. SPECT imaging of increased blood flow to area of seizure
Bold fMRI map of sensorimotor
and language cortex
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
shown during speech
Squeezing a ball with right & left hands