2. 17 cm
6 mm

3. Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii
Habitat: Rocky reef/kelp forests. Partial migration offshore during winter?
Carnivorous predator and scavenger.
Radula at end of feeding proboscis used to drill through animal shells (e.g., snails, bivalves, etc.) and excavate concealed prey (e.g., tube worms).

4. Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii
Preyed upon by…
Sea otters
Lobster?
Elasmobranchs (bat ray, sharks)??
Their shell is remarkably thick!

5. Monterey, CA

6. Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii
Spring/summer breeding season.
Mating & internal fertilization.
Females lay 100+ egg capsules/year.
Capsule = eggs.
Larvae (veliger) hatch out of capsules after 30 days.
Lecithotropic veliger in plankton for 45 days (?).
Mean Dd ~ 90 km (Siegel et al. 2003; U = 0)
Settlement cue not known.
Reproductively mature after ~6 years?

7. Juveniles:
Found in highly varying densities and across a wide range of depth gradients within the nearshore system.

8. Economic value:
Excellent for lawn art (match gnomes beautifully!)

10. Focus of developing fishery (by-catch in lobster traps)
Economic value:
Focus of developing fishery (by-catch in lobster traps)
Sold to US domestic Asian market (mostly in LA)
Mean price = $1.43/kg = ~$0.15/whelk
Aseltine-Neilson et al. 2006

11. Expansion since ~1980
RANGE
Bahia Asuncion

12. Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.
Catalina Island (southern)
Northern Channel Islands
Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

13. POPULATION GENETICS STUDY
COI: Cytochrome Oxidase I gene in mtDNA
mtDNA: circular, ~16K basepairs long
COI sequence: 528 basepairs long
One sequence per individual adult
N = 15 – 35 samples/site
N = 16 sites, spanning entire range
COI

14. COI sampling sites
Expansion since ~1980
Bahia Asuncion

15. Site Hap diversity MA WC DC HR RR GI YB NR IV SV PV DP PL SQ TT BA
Expansion since ~1980
Bahia Asuncion

16. Regionwide genetic structure statistics
Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA):
Fst = (P = 0.001)
Pairwise differences between sites:
Fst range: 0.02 – 0.05 (P < 0.05)
Bonferroni: (120 pairs)(0.05) = 6 expected by chance.
19 found.
Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA):
Fst = 0.02 – 0.03 (P = 0.002)

17. Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect
No correlation
Non-equilibrium
No correlation?
stirred
Positive correlation
Stepping stone
Equilibrium

18. P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 16 sites; Mantel test)

21. P = 0.16 (two-sided; R2 = 0.5; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

22. P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 13 sites; Mantel test)

23. P = 0.23 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 10 sites; Mantel test)

24. Doh!

25. Regional non-equilibrium
Regional equilibrium
Expanded range
Regional equilibrium
Expanded range
Regional non-equilibrium
Relative dominance of gene flow vs. genetic drift varies with scale
At large scales, drift >
Expansion, followed by isolation
(Hutchinson & Templeton 1999)

26. Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect
IBD signal only present at small scales
Non-equilibrium
stirred
Stepping stone
Periodic regional disturbance due to el Nino
Equilibrium

27. Sill in IBD curve reached at ~125 km

28. Fst = *Ln(distance) –
R2 = 0.07

29. P = 0. (two-sided; R2 = ; n = sites; Mantel test)

30. P = 0.04 (two-sided; R2 = 23; n = 6 sites; Mantel test)

31. P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.77; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

32. Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km

33. Palumbi 2003

35. 12 km
site
aggregate
Pairwise Fst
Kij dispersal connectivity

36. P = 0.13

37. P = 0.11

39. 1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA

40. Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001) 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

41. June 2000 SST
(Ocean Data Center, UCSC) TT BA

42. Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001) 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

43. Fst = 0.014 (P = 0.001) 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = (P = 0.001)

44. Fst = 0.013 (P = 0.001) 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = (P = 0.001)

45. Don’t forget: Giacomo’s surf perch

49. Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.
Catalina Island (southern)
Northern Channel Islands
Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

50. Thanks!

52. 1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA

53. 1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA

54. 1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA

55. 1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA

56. 1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA

57. 1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA

58. 1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA

59. P = 0.45 (two-sided; R2 = 0.027; n = 12 sites; Mantel test)

61. P = 0.058 (two-sided; R2 = 0.136; n = 9 sites; Mantel test)

62. Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km