1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Features Classification PPPPredominantly Inattentive PPPPredominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive CCCCombined

2. ADHD Gender Differences BBBBoys outnumber girls 4 to 1 Cultural Factors PPPProbability of diagnosis is greatest in the United States Toxins as Cause? AAAAllergens and food additives NOT related MMMMaternal smoking increases risk

3. ADHD: Biological Factors Genetic Factors AADHD seems to run in families TThree specific genes have been implicated Neurobiological Factors SSmaller brain volume IInactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia AAbnormal frontal lobe development and functioning

4. Biological Treatment of ADHD Stimulant Medications RRRRitalin, Dexedrine, Adderall, others PPPParadoxical Effect RRRReduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70% of cases IIIImprove compliance and decrease negative behaviors DDDDo not affect learning and academic performance RRRRelapse following discontinuation

5. Behavioral Treatment of ADHD Behavioral Treatment Behavioral Treatment  Increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate behaviors  May also involve parent training Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments  Highly recommended  Generally superior to either tx alone

6. Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder

7. Learning Disorders Academic Performance Lower than IQ Predicts Academic Performance Lower than IQ Predicts  Reading Disorder  Arithmetic Disorder  Disorder of Written Expression Disorder vs. Disability? Disorder vs. Disability?

8. Autism Spectrum Disorders Autistic Disorder SSSSocial and Communication Impairment RRRRestricted Behavior Asperger’s Disorder SSSSimilar to Austism without Communication Impairment

9. Additional Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rett’s Disorder Rett’s Disorder  Initial Normal Development  Increasing Mental Retardation Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Disorder  Regression in language and motor skills at 2 to 4 years

10. Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders Biological and medical treatments are unavailable Behavioral treatments SSkill building RReduction of problem behaviors TTarget communication and language problems AAddress socialization deficits EEarly intervention is critical Integrated treatments: The preferred model FFocus on children, their families, schools, and home

11. Mental Retardation Mild IIIIQ from 50-55 to 70 ~~~~85% Moderate IIIIQ from 35-40 to 50-55 ~~~~10% Severe IIIIQ from 20-25 to 35-40 ~~~~3-4% Profound IIIIQ below 20-25 ~~~~1-2%

12. Other Classification Systems American Association of Mental Retardation LLevels of assistance required Intermittent, limited, extensive, pervasive Classification of MR in educational systems EEducable (IQ of 50 to 70-75) TTrainable (IQ of 30 to 50) SSevere (IQ below 30)

13. Mental Retardation Biological Factors CCCChromosomal Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome NNNNeurological Injury Prenatal – exposure to disease or a drug/toxin Perinatal – difficulties during labor Postnatal – head injury Cultural-Familial EEEEnvironmental Deprivation, Abuse CCCConsidered to be about 75% of cases

14. Treatment of Mental Retardation Parallels treatment of pervasive developmental disorders Teach needed skills TTo foster productivity and independence EEducational and behavioral management LLiving and self-care skills via task analysis CCommunication training Community and supportive interventions

15. Communication Disorders Expressive Language Disorder Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder Phonological Disorder Stuttering

16. Other Childhood Disorders Tic Disorders TTTTourette’s Syndrome Elimination Disorders Separation Anxiety Selective Mutism Others