1. Strings A special kind of array is an array of characters ending in the null character \0 called string arrays A string is declared as an array of characters char s[10] char p[30] When declaring a string don’t forget to leave a space for the null character which is also known as the string terminator character

2. C offers four main operations on strings strcpy - copy one string into another strcat - append one string onto the right side of the other strcmp – compare alphabetic order of two strings strlen – return the length of a string

3. strcpy strcpy(destinationstring, sourcestring) Copies sourcestring into destinationstring For example strcpy(str, “hello world”); assigns “hello world” to the string str

4. Example with strcpy #include main() { char x[] = “Example with strcpy”; char y[25]; printf(“The string in array x is %s \n “, x); strcpy(y,x); printf(“The string in array y is %s \n “, y); }

5. strcat strcat(destinationstring, sourcestring) appends sourcestring to right hand side of destinationstring For example if str had value “a big ” strcat(str, “hello world”); appends “hello world” to the string “a big ” to get “ a big hello world”

6. Example with strcat #include main() { char x[] = “Example with strcat”; char y[]= “which stands for string concatenation”; printf(“The string in array x is %s \n “, x); strcat(x,y); printf(“The string in array x is %s \n “, x); }

7. strcmp strcmp(stringa, stringb) Compares stringa and stringb alphabetically Returns a negative value if stringa precedes stringb alphabetically Returns a positive value if stringb precedes stringa alphabetically Returns 0 if they are equal Note lowercase characters are greater than Uppercase

8. Example with strcmp #include main() { char x[] = “cat”; char y[]= “cat”; char z[]= “dog”; if (strcmp(x,y) == 0) printf(“The string in array x %s is equal to that in %s \n “, x,y);

9. continued if (strcmp(x,z) != 0) {printf(“The string in array x %s is not equal to that in z %s \n “, x,z); if (strcmp(x,z) < 0) printf(“The string in array x %s precedes that in z %s \n “, x,z); else printf(“The string in array z %s precedes that in x %s \n “, z,x); } else printf( “they are equal”); }

10. strlen strlen(str) returns length of string excluding null character strlen(“tttt”) = 4 not 5 since \0 not counted

11. Example with strlen #include main() { int i, count; char x[] = “tommy tucket took a tiny ticket ”; count = 0; for (i = 0; i < strlen(x);i++) { if (x[i] == ‘t’) count++; } printf(“The number of t’s in %s is %d \n “, x,count); }

12. Vowels Example with strlen #include main() { int i, count; char x[] = “tommy tucket took a tiny ticket ”; count = 0; for (i = 0; i < strlen(x);i++) { if ((x[i] == ‘a’)||(x[i]==‘e’)||(x[i]==‘I’)||(x[i]==‘o’)||(x[i]==‘u’)) count++; } printf(“The number of vowels’s in %s is %d \n “, x,count); }

13. No of Words Example with strlen #include main() { int i, count; char x[] = “tommy tucket took a tiny ticket ”; count = 0; for (i = 0; i < strlen(x);i++) { if ((x[i] == ‘ ‘) count++; } printf(“The number of words’s in %s is %d \n “, x,count+1); }

14. No of Words Example with more than one space between words #include main() { int i,j, count; char x[] = “tommy tucket took a tiny ticket ”; count = 0; for (i = 0; i < strlen(x);i++) { if ((x[i] == ‘ ‘) { count++; for(j=i;x[j] != ‘ ‘;j++); i = j; } printf(“The number of words’s in %s is %d \n “, x,count+1); }

15. Input output functions of characters and strings getchar() reads a character from the screen in a non-interactive environment getche() like getchar() except interactive putchar(int ch) outputs a character to screen gets(str) gets a string from the keyboard puts(str) outputs string to screen

16. Characters are at the heart of strings

17. Exercise 1 Output 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 …………. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

18. Exercise 1 #include main() { int i,j; for(j = 1; j <= 10; j++) { for(i=1;i <= j;i++) { printf(“%d “,i); } printf(“\n“); }

19. Exercise 2 Output * * * * * * ……………. * * * * *

20. Exercise 2 #include main() { int i,j; for(j = 1; j <= 10; j++) { for(i=1;i <= j;i++) { printf(“* “); } printf(“\n“); }

21. Exercise 3 Output *********** * ***********

22. #include main() { int i,j; for(j = 1; j <= 10; j++) { printf(“* “); for(i=1;i <= 8;i++) { if ((j==1) || (j==10)) printf(“* “); else printf(“ “); } printf(“* \n “); }

23. Some Useful C Character Functions Don't forget to #include to get the function prototypes.

24. Functions FunctionReturn true if int isalpha(c); c is a letter. int isupper(c); c is an upper case letter. int islower(c); c is a lower case letter. int isdigit(c); c is a digit [0-9].

25. More Functions FunctionReturn true if int isxdigit(c); c is a hexadecimal digit [0-9A-Fa-f]. int isalnum(c); c is an alphanumeric character (c is a letter or a digit); int isspace(c); c is a SPACE, TAB, RETURN, NEWLINE, FORMFEED, or vertical tab character.

26. Even More C Functions FunctionReturn true if int ispunct(c); c is a punctuation character (neither control nor alphanumeric). int isprint(c); c is a printing character. int iscntrl(c); c is a delete character or ordinary control character.

27. Still More C Functions FunctionReturn true if int isascii(c); c is an ASCII character, codeless than 0200. int toupper(int c); convert character c to upper case (leave it alone if not lower) int tolower(int c); convert character c to lower case (leave it alone if not upper)

28. Program to Reverse Strings #include #include int main () { int i; char a[10]; char temp; //clrscr(); // only works on windows gets(a); for (i = 0; a[i] != '\0' ; i++); i--; for (int j = 0; j <= i/2 ; j++) { temp = a[j]; a[j] = a[i - j]; a[i - j] = temp; } printf("%s",a); return(0); }

29. Program to count the number of vowels in a string : Note Two different ways to declare strings One using pointers *str Two using character array char a[] #include #include void main() { char *str; char a[]="aeiouAEIOU"; int i,j,count=0; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter the string\n"); gets(str); for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++) { for(j=0;a[j]!='\0';j++) if(a[j] == str[i] { count++; break; } printf("\nNo. of vowels = %d",count); }