1. Chapter Six
Measuring and Evaluating the Performance of Banks and Their Principal Competitors

2. Key Topics Stock Values and Profitability Ratios
Measuring Credit, Liquidity, and Other Risks
Measuring Operating Efficiency
Performance of Competing Financial Firms
Size and Location Effects
The UBPR and Comparing Performance

3. Why should banks be concerned about profitability and risk?
Profitability and risk are the most important dimensions of performance. Banks are private businesses that must attract capital from the public to fund their operations.
Bank stockholders, depositors, and bank examiners representing the regulatory community are all interested in the quality of bank performance.

4. Who is likely to be interested in these dimensions of performance?
The individuals or groups likely to be interested in bank profitability and risk are:
Other banks lending to a particular bank,
large depositors,
holders of long-term debt capital issued by banks,
bank stockholders, and the regulatory community.

5. Value of the Bank’s Stock

6. Value of a Bank’s Stock Rises When:
Expected Dividends Increase
Risk of the Bank Falls
Market Interest Rates Decrease
Combination of Expected Dividend Increase and Risk Decline

7. Value of Bank’s Stock if Earnings Growth is Constant

8. Value of Bank’s Stock if Earnings Growth is Constant
If D1 = 4
r = 10%
g = 5%
Calculate Po

9. Key Profitability Ratios in Banking

10. Key Profitability Ratios in Banking (cont.)
Total Interest Income __ Total Interest Expense
Earnings Spread = Total Earning Assets Total Interest Bearing Liability

11. ROE
Suppose a bank reports that its net income for the current year is $51 million, its assets total $1,144 million, and its liabilities amount to $926 million. What is its return on equity capital? Is the ROE you have calculated good or bad? What information do you need to answer this last question?

12. ROA – indicates efficiency in generating income from its assets
A bank estimates that its total revenues will amount to $155 million and its total expenses (including taxes) will equal $107 million this year. Its liabilities total $4,960 million while its equity capital amounts to $52 million. What is the bank's return on assets? Is this ROA high or low? How could you find out?

13. Net interest and non-interest margins
The net interest margin (NIM) indicates how successful the bank has been in borrowing funds from the cheapest sources and in maintaining an adequate spread between its returns on loans and security investments and the cost of its borrowed funds
In contrast, the noninterest margin reflects the banks spread between its noninterest income (such as service fees on deposits) and its noninterest expenses (especially salaries and wages and overhead expenses).

14. Net interest and non – interest margins
Suppose a banker tells you that his bank in the year just completed had total interest expenses on all borrowings of $12 million and noninterest expense of $5 million, while interest income from earning assets totaled $16 million and noninterest revenues added to a total of $2 million. Suppose further that assets amounted to $480 million. See if you can determine this bank's net interest and noninterest margins.

15. Breaking Down ROE x x

16. ROE Depends On: Equity Multiplier = Assets/Equity
Leverage or Financing Policies
Net Profit Margin= Net Income/Total Operating revenue
Effectiveness of Expense Management
Asset Utilization = Total operating revenue/Total Assets
Portfolio Management Policies

17. Components of ROE for All Insured U.S. Banks (1996-2005)

18. ROE/ROA Problem
Suppose a bank has an ROA of 0.80 percent and an equity multiplier of 12x. What is its ROE? Suppose this bank's ROA falls to 0.60 percent. What size equity multiplier must it have to hold its ROE unchanged?

19. Breakdown of ROA

20. Bank Risks Credit Risk Legal and Compliance Risk Liquidity Risk
Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Operational Risk
Legal and Compliance Risk
Reputation Risk
Strategic Risk
Capital Risk

21. Credit Risk
The Probability that Some of the Financial Firm’s Assets Will Decline in Value and Perhaps Become Worthless

22. Credit Risk Measures Nonperforming Loans/Total Loans
Net Charge-Offs/Total Loans
Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans
Provision for Loan Losses/Equity Capital
Allowance for Loan Losses/Total Loans
Allowance for Loan Losses/Equity Capital
Nonperforming Loans/Equity Capital

23. Liquidity Risk
Probability the Financial Firm Will Not Have Sufficient Cash and Borrowing Capacity to Meet Deposit Withdrawals and Other Cash Needs

24. Liquidity Risk Measures
Purchased Funds/Total Assets
Net Loans/Total Assets
Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets
Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets

25. Market Risk
Probability of the Market Value of the Financial Firm’s Investment Portfolio Declining in Value Due to a Change in Interest Rates

26. Market Risk Measures Book-Value of Assets/ Market Value of Assets
Book-Value of Equity/ Market Value of Equity
Book-Value of Bonds/Market Value of Bonds
Market Value of Preferred Stock and Common Stock

27. Interest Rate Risk
The Danger that Shifting Interest Rates May Adversely Affect a Bank’s Net Income, the Value of its Assets or Equity

28. Interest Rate Risk Measures
Interest Sensitive Assets/Interest Sensitive Liabilities
Uninsured Deposits/Total Deposits

29. Operational Risk
Uncertainty Regarding a Financial Firm’s Earnings Due to Failures in Computer Systems, Errors, Misconduct by Employees, Floods, Lightening Strikes and Similar Events or Risk of Loss Due to Unexpected Operating Expenses

30. Legal and Compliance Risk
Risk of Earnings Resulting from Actions Taken by the Legal System. This can Include Unenforceable Contracts, Lawsuits or Adverse Judgments. Compliance Risk Includes Violations of Rules and Regulations

31. Reputation Risk
This is Risk Due to Negative Publicity that can Dissuade Customers from Using the Services of the Financial Firm. It is the Risk Associated with Public Opinion.

32. Capital Risk
Probability of the Value of the Bank’s Assets Declining Below the Level of its Total Liabilities. The Probability of the Bank’s Long Run Survival

33. Capital Risk Measures Stock Price/Earnings Per Share
Equity Capital/Total Assets
Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities
Equity Capital/Risk Assets

34. Other Goals in Banking

35. Calculate as many risk measures as you can from the following data
Net loans and leases book value = $936
Total assets = $1324 mill
Equity capital book value =$ 110 mill
Deposits book value = $1150 mill
Market value assets = $1443 mill
Market value of equity cap = $130 mill
Current stock price = $60 with annual per share earnings of $2.50
Uninsured deposits = $243 mill
Money market borrowings = $132 mill
Non performing loans = $43 mill
Loans charged off = $21 mill

36. solution Net loans and leases/total assets = 936/1324
Equity capital/total assets = 130/1443
Uninsured deposits/total deposits = 243/1150
Stock price/EPS = 60/250
Non performing assets/net loans and leases 43/936
Charge offs of loans/total loans and leases= 21/936
Purchased funds /total liabilities = /
Book value of assets/market value of assets = 1324/1443

37. UBPR
The Uniform Bank Performance Report Provided by U.S. Federal Regulators so that Analysts Can Compare the Performance of One Bank Against Another