1. Global Mapping International Applications of GIS Technology in Professional Health Christian Connections for International Health Annual Conference, May 27 – 29, 2006 Scott A. Todd

2. Global Mapping International What is GIS (Geographic Information System) Geographic  Maps Geographic  Maps Information  Database Information  Database System  Hardware, Software, Data, System  Hardware, Software, Data, People, Plans/Programs GIS combines the intuitive visual clarity of a map together with the information structuring, searching and analyzing power of a database.

3. Global Mapping International What is not GIS: GPS - The Global Positioning System A GPS receiver is a tool used for data collection, determining your position on the earth, or wayfinding GPS coordinates can be a type of data input for a Geographic Information System

4. Global Mapping International Data – The Main Ingredient Vector – points, lines, polygons (areas) Vector – points, lines, polygons (areas) Raster – images (aerial photos), grids Raster – images (aerial photos), grids Tabular – databases, spreadsheets Tabular – databases, spreadsheets How GIS Works... Features, Attributes & Operations

5. Global Mapping International Features (Vector data) Points – Village, Facility, Household, Patient Points – Village, Facility, Household, Patient Lines – Roads, Rivers, Utility Line Lines – Roads, Rivers, Utility Line Polygons –Parcel, Census Tract, Service Area Polygons –Parcel, Census Tract, Service Area

6. Global Mapping International Attributes (Tabular Data) Events/Objects – Village name, Facility type, Events/Objects – Village name, Facility type, Household size, Patient condition Household size, Patient condition Route/Network – Road capacity, River name, Route/Network – Road capacity, River name, Sewer main size, Boundary length Sewer main size, Boundary length Area/Region – Parcel size (Acres), Demographics, Area/Region – Parcel size (Acres), Demographics, Service Area (number of patients)

7. Global Mapping International Operations - Geoprocessing Data Integration – Collection, Conversion, Rectification, Data Integration – Collection, Conversion, Rectification, Correlation/Confirmation Correlation/Confirmation Management – Data update/maintenance, Joining w/ Management – Data update/maintenance, Joining w/ other databases, Merge data sets other databases, Merge data sets Analysis – Selection/Extraction, Proximity, Distribution, Analysis – Selection/Extraction, Proximity, Distribution, Relationships, Overlay, Change/Trends Reporting – Printed Maps, Tabular Reports Reporting – Printed Maps, Tabular Reports

8. Global Mapping International So What... A Geographic Information System is not just a fancy tool for making attractive, detailed maps. A Geographic Information System is not just a fancy tool for making attractive, detailed maps. GIS provides a dynamic visual representation of the information contained in a database, along with the power to query and manage the database. GIS provides a dynamic visual representation of the information contained in a database, along with the power to query and manage the database. GIS tools support the creation and integration of various kinds of data sets to analyze and better understand existing patterns, distributions and relationships between features. GIS tools support the creation and integration of various kinds of data sets to analyze and better understand existing patterns, distributions and relationships between features. GIS analysis can generate new data to support clearer insight and communication for needs assessment, decision making for strategic planning and data management for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programs and initiatives. GIS analysis can generate new data to support clearer insight and communication for needs assessment, decision making for strategic planning and data management for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programs and initiatives.

9. Global Mapping International

10. Who Uses GIS Archaeology Archaeology Agriculture Agriculture Banking Banking Defense and Intelligence Defense and Intelligence Education Education Electric and Gas Electric and Gas Engineering Engineering Fire/EMS/Disaster/Homeland Security Fire/EMS/Disaster/Homeland Security Forestry Forestry Government (Federal, State, County, Local) Government (Federal, State, County, Local) Health and Human Services Health and Human Services Insurance Insurance Landscape Architecture Landscape Architecture  Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice  Libraries and Museums  Location Services  Logistics  Marine, Coast and Oceans  Marketing  Media  Mining and Earth Sciences  Natural Resources  Petroleum  Real Estate  Retail Business  Telecommunications  Transportation  Universities  Water and Wastewater  Weather Source: Environmental Systems Research Institute – Geography Matters, White Paper, 2002

11. Global Mapping International Health Geography It is useful to divide the geography of health into two interrelated areas: 1The geography of disease, which covers the exploration, description and modelling of the spatio-temporal (space-time) incidence of disease and related environmental phenomena, the detection and analysis of disease clusters and patterns, causality analysis and the generation of new disease hypotheses; 2The geography of healthcare systems, which deals with the planning, management and delivery of suitable health services (ensuring among other things adequate patient access) after determining healthcare needs of the target community and service catchment zones. Boulos, Kamel MN - Geographic Informatics in Health, School for Health, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY, UK Source: Boulos, Kamel MN - Geographic Informatics in Health, School for Health, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY, UK

12. Global Mapping International GIS Health Software GIS SoftwareDeveloping OrganizationPrice EpiInfo / EpiMapCenter for Disease Control (CDC) Free HealthMapperWorld Health Organization (WHO) Free SIGEpiPan American Health Organization (PAHO) $100 Health Inst. $500 Non-Profit $1000 Private ArcGISEnvironmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) $1500 + Maintenance Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

13. Global Mapping International WHO: HealthMapper About HealthMapper: About HealthMapper:  Original version 1993 by World Health Organization  Supports range of infectious diseases in over 60 countries Public Health Needs Capable of Addressing: Public Health Needs Capable of Addressing:  Analysis of disease outbreaks, chronic diseases, injuries  Limited Management of distribution of health resources  Software is Free Data Format Support: Data Format Support:  Import and modify shapefiles  Import and Link: Excel, Access, dBase,.CSV,.REC (EpiInfo) System Requirements: Windows (98/NT/2000/Me/XP) System Requirements: Windows (98/NT/2000/Me/XP) Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

14. Global Mapping International WHO: HealthMapper Advantages : Advantages :  Free: can be downloaded from WHO website  Very useful in supporting health surveillance, disease prevention and control prevention and control  Disadvantages : apabilities  Limited complex statistical capabilities  Data not provided with software  Publicly funded programs  Limited Technical support Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

15. Global Mapping International EpiInfo / EpiMap About EpiInfo / EpiMap: About EpiInfo / EpiMap:  Created by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in 1985  Latest Version: Epi Info™ Version 3.3.2, released Feb 2005  Over 1,000,000 downloads in 180 countries Public Health Needs Capable of Addressing: Public Health Needs Capable of Addressing:  Meets most needs in epidemiological studies, such as disease outbreaks or other public health analysis  Software is Free Data Format Support: Data Format Support:  Import and modify shapefiles  Compatible with ESRI ArcView, MS Access, Excel, dBase, CSV, XML System Requirements: ( Windows 95/NT/98/2000/Me/XP) System Requirements: ( Windows 95/NT/98/2000/Me/XP) Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

16. Global Mapping International CDC: EpiInfo/EpiMap Advantages of EpiInfo : Advantages of EpiInfo :  Meets most needs in epidemiological studies  Free, can be downloaded from CDC WebPages  With a little computer experience can do simple useful analysis Disadvantages of EpiInfo : Disadvantages of EpiInfo :  Lacks statistical spatial data analysis  EpiInfo and EpiMap are two stand-alone programs  Data not provided with software  Publicly funded programs  Limited Technical support - reference to available manual Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

17. Global Mapping International SIGEpi About SIGEpi:  Developed by Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), latest version 1.4  Supports Multi-languages (Spanish and Portuguese) Public Health Needs Capable of Addressing:  Provides complex analysis methods for health data  Management of distribution of health resources Data Format Support:  Reads and processes files in Shapefile and ArcInfo coverage formats from ESRI; other formats include Vector Product Format (VPF); CAD and EpiMap  SIGEpi has RDBMS that use MS Access and interchange in other formats (Dbase, Excel, Btrieve, EpiInfo) System Requirements : Windows (98/NT/2000/Me/XP) Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

18. Global Mapping International SIGEpi Price: Price:  Health and Academic Institutions ($100)  Non-Profit Agencies ($500)  Personal and Private Agencies ($1,000) Advantages: Advantages:  Offers a broad GIS platform with functions for statistical spatial data analysis integrated into the program  Creates geographical layers based on geographic data from GPS receivers   SIGEpi was built based on ESRI’s MapObjects Disadvantages: Disadvantages:  It has limitations in editing geographic databases  Maintenance & Technical support via Discussion forum or emails or reporting errors or recommendations Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

19. Global Mapping International ESRI: ArcGIS  About ESRI ArcGIS:  Company started in 1969, founded by Jack and Laura Dangermond, p  Company started in 1969, founded by Jack and Laura Dangermond, privately held company  ArcView® 1.0 released in 1992  Public Health Needs Capable of Addressing:  Analysis of disease outbreaks, chronic diseases, injuries  Management of distribution of health resources  Data Format Support:  Direct read and import capabilities of more than 70 different formats, including rasters (images) and ODBC  Import, edit, and export of shape files Price: Single user license $1500 Price: Single user license $1500 Annual Maintenance: $500 to $3,000 Annual Maintenance: $500 to $3,000 System Requirements: Windows (98/NT/2000/Me/XP) System Requirements: Windows (98/NT/2000/Me/XP) Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

20. Global Mapping International ESRI: ArcGIS Technical Assistance: Technical Assistance:  Free for initial year of purchase Advantages: Advantages:  Industry leader in Public health sector  Many extensions built on ArcGIS  Base data provided with software  Software is scalable  Custom Scripting Capabilities - in VB, C++,.NET Disadvantages: Disadvantages:   Expensive application and maintenance package   Not specifically oriented toward Health Applications  extensive training  Need to have hands-on experience or extensive training Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

21. Global Mapping International Data Formats Each offers Free Online Training Manuals Each product offers Data format support for: Shapefiles (.SHP) Excel.CSV MS Access dBase.REC Each product can read data from a GPS Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

22. Global Mapping International Comparison Matrix HealthMapperEpiInfo/EpiMapSIGEpiArcGIS Health Analytic Support Needs Met? YesYesYesYes GIS Capabilities? LimitedLimitedYesYes CostFreeFree $100 Health inst. $500 Non-Profit $1000 Private $1500 single user $500 -$3000 Annual maintenance Tech Support NoneLimitedNone Free 1 st year Source: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health, University of Dallas, Oct 2005

23. Global Mapping International The Future of GIS in Health HealthQuery: An online healthcare services/access application. HealthQuery: An online healthcare services/access application. Collaborative project of Good Hope Medical Foundation, California Department of Health Services — Centre for Health Statistics, the National Health Foundation (NHF), ESRI, Oracle and Sun Microsystems Collaborative project of Good Hope Medical Foundation, California Department of Health Services — Centre for Health Statistics, the National Health Foundation (NHF), ESRI, Oracle and Sun Microsystems This figure shows a search for the nearest hospitals within a 5- mile radius around 92373 (Zip code, CA, US). This figure shows a search for the nearest hospitals within a 5- mile radius around 92373 (Zip code, CA, US). HealthQuery found 4 locations. HealthQuery found 4 locations. Boulos, Kamel MN - Geographic Informatics in Health, School for Health, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY, UK Source: Boulos, Kamel MN - Geographic Informatics in Health, School for Health, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY, UK

24. Global Mapping International GIS Demonstration

25. Global Mapping International Sources: Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health Alsahhar, Belew, Getachew, McElroy - GIS in Public Health University of Dallas, Oct 2005 Boulos, Kamel MN - Geographic Informatics in Health Boulos, Kamel MN - Geographic Informatics in Health School for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK Contact: Scott A Todd Scott A Todd scott@gmi.org610-617-0195 Global Mapping International Global Mapping International 15435 Glen Eagle Drive, Suite 100 Colorado Springs, CO 80921 USA info@gmi.org