1. Non-Proteobacteria Gram Negative Bacteria, Chlamydiae, Spirochetes, Bacteroidetes,& Fusobacteria
Presented by: Rickeena Free, Nichole Harris, Cynthia Paul-Blanc, Drew Hawley, Tina Mullett

2. Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria Resemble Eukaryotic Algae
They are able to live in varies environments
Those that grow in water usually have gas vacuoles for buoyancy
Capable of fixing nitrogen from atmosphere
Fresh water
Bare rocks
Soil
Hostile environment
They can occur as planktonic cells or form phototrophic biofilms in fresh water and marine environments, they occur in damp soil, or even temporarily moistened rocks in desert.
Those that grow in water usually have gas vacuoles for buoyancy- enables them to adjust their position in water column..floating to the top during the day for photosynthesis and sink to the bottom at night to harvest nutrient 2

3. Photosynthesis Obtains energy
Use the same photosynthesis as Eukaryotic cells
Produces oxygen as a by-product 3

4. Nitrogen Fixation Capable of nitrogen fixation Uses heterocyst cells// 4

5. Morphological Unicellular forms divide by binary fission
Colonial forms divide by multiple fission
Filamentous forms that reproduce by fragmentation of filaments
Mobile
Gas vesicles

6. Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
Purple and Green
This group includes:
Green Non-sulfur Bacteria
Green Sulfur Bacteria
Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria
Purple Sulfur Bacteria

7. Green Non-Sulfur bacteria
Chloroflexi
Organic Compunds
Grow chemoheterotrophically in aerobic environment
Filamentous Anoxygenic phototrophs

8. Green Sulfur Bacteria Chlorobi Anaerobic Photoautotrophic bacteria
Does not produce Oxygen
Hydrogen Sulfur
Deposit sulfur cells outside the cell 8

9. Morphological
Non-motile
Spheres
Rods
Sprial

10. Purple Non-sulfur bacteria
Proteobacteria
Organic Compounds
Does not produce Oxygen
Organic compound
Example : Rhodsprillum
Aquatic environments

11. Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Proteobacteria
Hydrogen Sulfur
Deposit sulfur granules outside the cell

12. Chemoheterotroph
Chlamydiae
Spirochestes
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria

13. Chlamydiae
Members of this phylum and class are obligate intracellular pathogens
Only grow and thrive by infecting eukaryotic cells
Have a unique developmental cycle
They alternate between two forms the elementary body and the reticulate body.
Chlamydia trchomatis, which causes the eye-disease trachoma and the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia;
Chlamydophila pneumoniae, which causes a form of pneumonia;
Chlamydophila psittaci, which causes psittacosis.

14. Chlamydiae Elementary Body Reticulate Body Infectious form
Have a rigid outer membrane that cause them to be resistant to harsh environmental conditions
Reticulate Body
Non infectious form
Have a fragile outer membrane

15. Clinical Description
Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may result in urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, acute salpingitis, or other syndromes when sexually transmitted
infection is often asymptomatic in women

17. Route of Transmission
Chlamydia is transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.
An infected mother can also pass Chlamydia to her baby during vaginal childbirth.
Babies born to infected mothers can get pneumonia or infections in their eyes, also called conjunctivitis.

18. Spirochetes Gram-negative bacteria.
Distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, located lengthwise between the cell membrane and outer membrane.
Most spirochetes are free-living and anaerobic
They have long, helically coiled cells. The flagella are sometimes called axial filaments, these cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission.

19. Pathogenic Spirochetes
Nonacute upon initial exposure to the infectious agent.
Syphilis and Lyme disease are pathogens caused by spirochetes. Other spirochetal infections caused by Borrelia, Leptospira and treponemes
Pathogenic spirochets can have consequences on the human body later on, without a curative antibiotic therapy.
Lyme disease
Syphilis

20. Borrelia Treponema Leptospira.
The spirochetes are divided into three families
Borrelia
Treponema
Leptospira.
Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis
It is spread through contact with infected urine or water. A severe form of leptospirosis in humans is called Weil's disease.
Borrelia causes ulcerative disease of the mouth or Vincent's gingivitis or trench mouth.
It is transmitted through the bites of body lice and ticks and cause relapsing fever.
Treponema is by far the most dreaded genus of spirochetes. It causes syphilis. Sexual contact is the most common way of transmission.
Disease-causing members of this phylum include the following:
Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis
Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever
Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis
Treponema pertenue, which causes yaws
Leptospira is an infectious disease that primarily affects the liver and kidneys. It can affect both humans and animals. Sometimes dogs may be infected with the spirochete but can be immunized against leptospirosis.
In Borrelia, the patient suffers repeated bouts of fever and chills.

21. Treatments Safe sex techniques such as the use of condoms.
Prevention of syphilis
Safe sex techniques such as the use of condoms.
Early treatment with antibiotics is the only way known to prevent the later ravages of syphilis. Severe cases of Leptospirosis are treated with antibiotics like Penicillin or Ampicillin along with supportive therapy for multiorgan damage.
Prevention of Lyme disease
Guard against tick bites.
Penincillin is also used as antibiotic.
Prevention of relapsing fever
Involves antibiotics, most often tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, or penicillin.
Long-acting Penicillin is the drug of choice for treatment of yaws cases
Condom use for syphilis, if used properly, can be an effective barrier against the sexual transmission of T. Pallidum. Experimental vaccines have proven to be impractical or fail to afford complete protection.
To prevent Lyme disease, guard against tick bits; Avoid heavily wooded areas, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and apply tick repellant.

22. Bacteriodetes Opportunistic pathogen Obligate anaerobe
Invade the body through punctures or deep wounds
Can aid cellulose fermentation in ruminants

23. Bacteroidetes cont’d
They are most commonly found in the gut of mammals
In humans it appears in fecal matter in around one billion per gram

24. Bacteroidetes cont’d
When the opportunity arises, bacteriodetes will begin to multiply
If there is a lack of other bacteria in the gut bacteriodetes will flourish
This can cause peritonitis, or inflammation of the bowel

25. Bacteroidetes cont’d
The easiest way to treat an infection by bacteroidetes is emergency antibiotic treatments.
Nothing should be given by mouth, everything should be given by an IV

26. Fusobacteria Gram-negative Non-spore forming Obligate anaerobes
Adhere to Gram positive and Gram negative plaque
Require enriched media for growth
Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. Microbiology An Introduction, Brief Edition. Boston: Benjamin-Cummings Company, 2004. 26

27. Fusobacteria Pleomorphic, but usually spindle-shaped
Also tend to be rod shaped
Responsible for some dental blisters

28. Cell Structure
Motile
Creates butyrate through fermenting carbohydrates and certain amino acids
Cell wall similar to gram-negative aerobic bacteria

29. Growth of Fusobacteria
Grows anaerobic conditions but is sometimes improved by 5-10% CO2
Most species require animal protein or yeast extract
Obligatory parasites
Give rise to disease in man and farm animals

30. Ecology Inhibits the mucous membranes
Does not directly effect environment, but can affect a population through infection of a host
Have an optimum growth of 37C
Found mainly in the gingival crevices

31. Ways that fusobacteria infect
Part of the normal flora that invade tissues after trauma
Tissue destruction
Animal bites

32. Pathology Fusobacterium necrophorum Fusobacterium nucleatum
Can cause meningitis
Found in abcesses in liver, lungs, and tissues
Fusobacterium equinum
Contributes to necrotizing pneumonia
Pleurisy in horses making breathing painful
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Causes dental plaque
Has the ability to adhere to other plaque-causing microorganisms

33. Treatments Spirochetes Chlamydia Fusobacteria Penicilin Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Fusobacteria
Clindamycin
Chloroamphenicol

34. Mechanism of Treatment
Penicilin
inhibits the peptidoglycan cross links in the bacterial cell wall
Clindamycin
bacteriostatic effect
Chloroamphenicol
bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

35. Mechanism of treatment
Azithromycin
prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.
It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, and inhibits translation of mRNA.
Doxycycline
tetracycline antibiotic
It works by slowing the growth of bacteria in the body.

36. Bibliography
"Chlamydiales and Chlamydia spp: historic perspective." Chlamydia professional. Comprehensive. Evidence based. Authoritative. 22 Mar <
"STD Facts - Chlamydia." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 Mar <
Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. Microbiology An Introduction, Brief Edition. Boston: Benjamin-Cummings Company, 2004.
"Azithromycin (Zithromax) - drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com." 22 Mar <
"Azithromycin -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 22 Mar <
"Chlamydia." Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program. 22 Mar <