1. CS 1431 DB HISTORY

2. CS 1432 Sumerian Clay Tokens

3. CS 1433 Sumerian clay tablet

4. CS 1434 DBMS BEFORE COMPUTERS Manual Systems: - handwritten ledgers - double entry bookkeeping Punch Cards Systems: - based on Jacquard weaving loom; also used in player pianos - first used for US census in 1899 by Herman Hollerith (later became IBM) - development of special punch card equipment: - manual: knitting needles!! - mechano/electrical: keypunches, printers, duplicators, sorters, counters

5. CS 1435 Jacquard Loom

6. CS 1436 Hollerith Electric Tabulation System

7. CS 1437 Hollerith System card tabulator \

8. CS 1438 THE COMPUTER ERA (I) Initially computers were used only for lengthy, complicated mathematical problems. It was finally realized that the really affluent potential users were in the business community where powerful convenient I/O rather than great calculating power was needed. Parallel processors (named channels) were developed to control I/O operations in parallel with the CPU. At first each individual user developed his own software DBMS. Eventually general DBMS became available, as well as COBOL. The first systems were Report Generators. Two general modeling tools were developed: - the Network Model (used in CODASYL) - the Hierarchical Model (used in IBM’s IMS)

9. CS 1439 THE COMPUTER ERA (II) In 1970 E. Codd wrote an article describing a proposed “Relational Model of Data” (RMD). IBM demonstrated the capabilities of the RMD by implementing System R. After considerable controversy the RMD was adopted by all DBMS manufacturers, and its query language (SQL) became an industry standard.